First menstrual period, which usually occurs at age 13, is called what

First menstrual period, which usually occurs at age 13, is called what

a. menses
b. menstruation
c. menopause
d. menarche
e. menogen

Answer: D

Normal period of human gestation is calculated as ___ from the last menstrual period.

Normal period of human gestation is calculated as ___ from the last menstrual period.

a. 265 days
b. 9 calendar months
c. 9 lunar months
d. 280 days
e. 295 days

Answer: D

Hormone produced by placenta that causes pelvic ligaments to relax, widen, and become more flexible to ease birth passage is called

Hormone produced by placenta that causes pelvic ligaments to relax, widen, and become more flexible to ease birth passage is called

a. renin
b. relaxin
c. progesterone
d. chorion
e. gonadotropin

Answer: B

Embryo looks distinctly human by ___ week of embryonic development.

Embryo looks distinctly human by ___ week of embryonic development.

a. 1st
b. 2nd
c. 4th
d. 8th
e. 12th

Answer: D

Placenta is usually functioning to deliver nutrients and oxygen to, and remove waste from, the embryonic blood by the ___ week of pregnancy.

Placenta is usually functioning to deliver nutrients and oxygen to, and remove waste from, the embryonic blood by the ___ week of pregnancy.

a. 1st
b. 2nd
c. 3rd
d. 4th
e. 5th

Answer: C

Many home pregnancy tests assay for _____ within a woman's urine.

Many home pregnancy tests assay for _____ within a woman's urine.

a. human chorionic gonadotropin
b. estrogen
c. progesterone
d. lutenizing hormone
e. testosterone

Answer: A

Primary germ layer that gives rise to the mucosae and associated glands is the

Primary germ layer that gives rise to the mucosae and associated glands is the 

a. ectoderm
b. blastocyst
c. mesoderm
d. endoderm
e. morula

Answer: D

The tiny ball of 16 cells found freely floating in the uterine cavity is called a

The tiny ball of 16 cells found freely floating in the uterine cavity is called a 

a. blastocyte
b. zygote
c. morula
d. placenta
e. trophoblast

Answer: C

For a sperm cell to fertilize an ovum, sexual intercourse must occur no more than ___ hours before ovulation.

For a sperm cell to fertilize an ovum, sexual intercourse must occur no more than ___ hours before ovulation.

a. 12
b. 24
c. 48
d. 72
e. 90

Answer: C

For women aged 40-49, American cancer society recommends mammography every ____ to detect breast cancer

For women aged 40-49, American cancer society recommends mammography every ____ to detect breast cancer

a. year
b. two years
c. three years
d. four years
e. five years

Answer: B

The clusters of specific glands that produce milk when a women is lactating are called

The clusters of specific glands that produce milk when a women is lactating are called

a. lactiferous ducts
b. areolar glands
c. mammary glands
d. alveolar glands
e. lactating glands

Answer: D

The mammary glands are modified

The mammary glands are modified

a. ceruminous glands
b. sebaceous glands
c. sweat glands in both males and females
d. lacrimal glands
e. modified sweat glands in females only

Answer: C

The corpus luteum is a special glandular structure of the ovaries that primarily produces

The corpus luteum is a special glandular structure of the ovaries that primarily produces

a. estrogen
b. progesterone
c. testosterone
d. interstitial cell-stimulating hormone
e. luteinizing hormone

Answer: B

Hormone responsible for ovulation is

Hormone responsible for ovulation is

a. estrogen
b. progesterone
c. follicle-stimulating hormone
d. luteinizing hormone
e. adrenocorticotropic hormone

Answer: D

During oogenesis, an oogonium directly gives rise to

During oogenesis, an oogonium directly gives rise to

a. an ovum
b. primary oocyte
c. secondary oocyte
d. first polar body
e. second polar body

Answer: B

The superior rounded region of the uterus above the entrance of the uterine tubes is called the

The superior rounded region of the uterus above the entrance of the uterine tubes is called the

a. body
b. fundus
c. cervix
d. corpus
e. mons pubis

Answer: B

Which one of the following is NOT one of the secondary sex characteristics typical of males

Which one of the following is NOT one of the secondary sex characteristics typical of males

a. deepening voice
b. increased growth of body hair
c. enlargement of skeletal muscle mass
d. increased sex drive
e. thickening of bones

Answer: D

Entire process of spermatogenesis takes approximately

Entire process of spermatogenesis takes approximately

a. 25-50 days
b. 64-72 days
c. 120 days
d. 1 year
e. 15 years




Answer: B

Final outcome of meiosis is within both the testicles and the ovaries is

Final outcome of meiosis is within both the testicles and the ovaries is

a. the formation of two identical daughter cells
b. one gamete
c. two gametes
d. three gametes
e. four gametes

Answer: E

Pregnancy is generally improbable with a sperm count under

Pregnancy is generally improbable with a sperm count under

a. 20,000 per mL
b. 1 million per mL
c. 5 million per mL
d. 20 million per mL
e. 100 million per mL

Answer: D

Normal healthy semen has an approximate pH level of

Normal healthy semen has an approximate pH level of 

a. 3.5-4
b. 4.0-5.7
c. 6.0-7.0
d. 7.2-7.6
e. 8.5-9.0

Answer: D

Milky colored fluid secreted from the prostate

Milky colored fluid secreted from the prostate

a. nourish sperm
b. activate sperm
c. cleanse the urethra
d. neutralize urine
e. are endocrine only

Answer: B

Which is NOT a component of semen

Which is NOT a component of semen

a. sperm
b. seminal fluid
c. prostatic fluid
d. bulbourethral fluid
e. epididymal fluid

Answer: E

The middle part of the male urethra that extends from the prostate to the penis is called the

The middle part of the male urethra that extends from the prostate to the penis is called the 

a. prostatic urethra
b. membranous urethra
c. spongy urethra
d. penile urethra
e. bulbourethra

Answer: B

Which one of the following is NOT true of the spermatic cord

Which one of the following is NOT true of the spermatic cord

a. it is a connective tissue sheath
b. it encloses the ductus deferens
c. it encloses the epididymis
d. it contains nerves
e. it contains blood vessels

Answer: C

Maturing sperm gain their ability to swim while in the

Maturing sperm gain their ability to swim while in the

a. seminiferous tubules
b. epididymis
c. ductus deferens
d. ejaculatory duct
e. urethra

Answer: B

Androgens such as testosterone are produced by the

Androgens such as testosterone are produced by the 

a. seminiferous tubules
b. interstitial cells
c. epididymis
d. bulbourethral glands
e. prostate

Answer: B

The actual "sperm-forming factories" of the male reproductive system that empty sperm into the rete testes are called the

The actual "sperm-forming factories" of the male reproductive system that empty sperm into the rete testes are called the

a. interstitial cells
b. epididymis
c. ductus deferens
d. bulbourethral glands
e. seminiferous tubules

Answer: E

Exocrine function of the male is

Exocrine function of the male is

a. testosterone production
b. ovum fertilization
c. sperm production
d. embryo nutrition
e. estrogen production

Answer: C

The fibrous connective tissue enclosing each testis is the

The fibrous connective tissue enclosing each testis is the 

a. eminiferous tubule
b. tunica albuginea
c. interstitial cells
d. ductus deferens
e. spermatic cord

Answer: A

Secondary sex characteristic brought about by testosterone secretion do NOT include

Secondary sex characteristic brought about by testosterone secretion do NOT include

a. growth of facial hair
b. development of heavy bones
c. development of breasts
d. lowering the voice
e. development of heavy muscles

Answer: C

Cells in the testes that produce testosterone are called

Cells in the testes that produce testosterone are called

a. interstitial cells
b. alpha cells
c. beta cells
d. pancreatic islet cells
e. gonadotropic cells

Answer: A

Which of these is NOT produced by anterior lobe of pituitary gland

Which of these is NOT produced by anterior lobe of pituitary gland

a. growth hormone
b. prolactin
c. oxytocin
d. luteinzing hormone
e. thyroid-stimulating hormone

Answer: C

Hormone that helps regulate our sleep-awake cycle is

Hormone that helps regulate our sleep-awake cycle is 

a. thymosin
b. melatonin
c. progesterone
d. glucagon
e. thyroxine

Answer: B

Pineal gland produces

Pineal gland produces

a. thymosin
b. melatonin
c. estrogen
d. insulin
e. cortisol

Answer: B

Insulin causes

Insulin causes

a. decrease in concentration of blood glucose
b. increase in concentration of blood glucose
c. increase in blood pressure
d. increase in production of glucagon
e. decrease in blood pressure

Answer: A

Insulin is produced by cells of the pancreatic islets called

Insulin is produced by cells of the pancreatic islets called

a. alpha cells
b. beta cells
c. delta cells
d. gamma cells
e. theta cells

Answer: B

Which one of the following is NOT an action of the catecholamines

Which one of the following is NOT an action of the catecholamines

a. stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system
b. dilation of the small passages of the lungs
c. increased heart rate
d. decreased blood pressure
e. increased blood glucose levels

Answer: D

Which is NOT a symptom of Cushing's syndrome

Which is NOT a symptom of Cushing's syndrome

a. moon face
b. bronze skin tones
c. buffalo hump
d. high blood pressure
e. water retention

Answer: B

Glucocorticoids do all EXCEPT

Glucocorticoids do all EXCEPT

a. help resist long term stress
b. increase blood glucose levels
c. decrease edema
d. suppress inflammation
e. regulate salt content of the blood

Answer: E

The enzyme produced by kidneys when blood pressure drops, stimulating a release of aldosterone, is called

The enzyme produced by kidneys when blood pressure drops, stimulating a release of aldosterone, is called

a. cortisone
b. renin
c. cortisol
d. vasopressin
e. angiotensin

Answer: B

Tetany resulting from uncontrolled muscle spasms may indicate a malfunction of the

Tetany resulting from uncontrolled muscle spasms may indicate a malfunction of the 

a. pineal gland
b. thymus
c. parathyroid glands
d. adrenal cortex
e. posterior pituitary

Answer: C

Rising blood levels of aldosterone cause the kidney tubules to reabsorb

Rising blood levels of aldosterone cause the kidney tubules to reabsorb

a. potassium
b. sodium
c. calcium
d. iodine
e. hydrogen

Answer: B

Which of these hormones is released by the adrenal medulla

Which of these hormones is released by the adrenal medulla

a. sex hormones
b. aldosterone
c. cortisone
d. glucocorticoids
e. epinephrine

Answer: E

Which one is NOT produced by the adrenal cortex

Which one is NOT produced by the adrenal cortex

a. mineralocorticoids
b. glucocorticoids
c. sex hormones
d. epinephrine
e. aldosterone

Answer: D

Hyposecretion of thyroxine in early childhood leads to

Hyposecretion of thyroxine in early childhood leads to

a. cretinism
b. dwarfism
c. myxedema
d. exophthalmos
e. acromegaly

Answer: A

The body's major metabolic hormone is called

The body's major metabolic hormone is called

a. prolactin
b. growth hormone
c. adrenaline
d. thyroid hormone
e. calcitonin

Answer: D

Diabetes insipidus is caused by hyposecretion of

Diabetes insipidus is caused by hyposecretion of 

a. antidiuretic hormone
b. growth hormone
c. glucagon
d. parathyroid hormone
e. prolactin

Answer: A

Which one of the following is NOT a function of oxytocin

Which one of the following is NOT a function of oxytocin

a. stimulation of uternine contractions
b. stimulation of breast milk ejection
c. stimulation of menstruation
d. postpartum bleeding control
e. labor induction

Answer: C

The hormone that triggers ovulation of an egg from the female ovary is

The hormone that triggers ovulation of an egg from the female ovary is 

a. luteinizing hormone
b. prolactin
c. follicle-stimulating hormone
d. progesterone
e. interstitial cell-stimulating hormone

Answer: A

Which one of the following is NOT an anterior pituitary hormone

Which one of the following is NOT an anterior pituitary hormone

a. prolactin
b. adrenocorticotropic hormone
c. follicle-stimulating hormone
d. antidiuretic hormone
e. luteinizing hormone

Answer: D

Tropic hormones

Tropic hormones

a. stimulate the pineal gland to secrete hormones
b. stimulate the thymus gland to secrete hormones
c. stimulate other endocrine glands to secrte hormones
d. stimulate nervous tissue
e. stimulate prostaglandins

Answer: C

Being lipid soluble, steroids can do all the following EXCEPT

Being lipid soluble, steroids can do all the following EXCEPT

a. diffuse through the plasma membranes of target cells
b. catalyze cyclic AMP
c. enter the nucleus
d. bind to receptor proteins within the nucleus
e. activate genes to transcribe mRNA for protein synthesis

Answer: B

Prostaglandins are

Prostaglandins are

a. amino acid-based hormones
b. steroid hormones
c. lipid hormones manufactured in cell plasma membranes
d. glycerol hormones
e. target hormones

Answer: C

Which one is NOT typical of the changes that follow the binding of a hormone to its target cells

Which one is NOT typical of the changes that follow the binding of a hormone to its target cells

a. plasma membrane permeability changes
b. cellular mutations occur
c. enzymes are activated or inactivated
d. mitosis is stimulated
e. proteins are synthesized in the cell

Answer: B

Sympathetic nervous system stimulation causes

Sympathetic nervous system stimulation causes

a. decreased blood glucose, increased GI peristalsis, and increased heart rate/blood pressure
b. increased blood glucose, increased GI peristalsis, and decreased heart rate and blood pressure
c. increased blood glucose, decreased GI peristalsis, and increased heart rate and blood pressure
d. decreased blood glucose, increased GI peristalsis, and decreased heart rate and blood pressure
e. decreased blood glucose, decreased GI peristalsis, and decreased heart rate and blood pressure

Answer: C

Sympathetic division fibers leave the spinal cord in the

Sympathetic division fibers leave the spinal cord in the

a. craniosacral regions and postganglionic fibers secrete norepinephrine
b. thoracolumbar region, and the postganglionic fibers secrete acetylcholine
c. craniosacral region, and the postganglionic fibers secrete acetylcholine
d. thoracolumbar region, and the postganglionic fibers secrte norepinephrine
e. craniosacral region, and the preganglionic fibers secrete norepinephrine

Answer: D

Preparing the body for "fight or flight" response is role of

Preparing the body for "fight or flight" response is role of 

a. sympathetic nervous system
b. cerebrum
c. parasympathetic nervous system
d. somatic nervous system
e. afferent nervous system

Answer: A

In contrast to the somatic nervous system, the autonomic nervous system

In contrast to the somatic nervous system, the autonomic nervous system

a. has two motor neurons
b. has two afferent neurons
c. stimulates its efferent cells
d. has both afferent and efferent fibers
e. has centers in the brain and spinal cord

Answer: A

The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems are subdivisions of the

The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems are subdivisions of the 

a. CNS
b. voluntary nervous system
c. autonomic nervous system
d. somatic nervous system
e. peripheral nervous system

Answer: C

Sciatic nerve is largest in body, combo of

Sciatic nerve is largest in body, combo of

a. pudendal and femoral nerves
b. femoral and tibial nerves
c. pudendal and common peroneal nerves
d. common fibular and tibial nerves
e. pudendal and tibial nerves

Answer: D

Which of the nerves plexuses originates from ventral rami L1-L4

Which of the nerves plexuses originates from ventral rami L1-L4

a. sacral
b. spinal
c. lumbar
d. brachial
e. cervical

Answer: C

Damage to this nerve results in "wrist drop"

Damage to this nerve results in "wrist drop"



a. phrenic
b. axillary
c. obturator
d. radial
e. femoral

Answer: D

Spinal nerves exiting the cord from the level of L4 to S4 form the

Spinal nerves exiting the cord from the level of L4 to S4 form the 

a. lumbar plexus
b. femoral plexus
c. sacral plexus
d. thoracic plexus
e. obturator plexus

Answer: C

Which is correct sequence of connective tissue sheaths, from outer to innermost layer

Which is correct sequence of connective tissue sheaths, from outer to innermost layer

epineurium, endoneurium, perineurium
epineurium, perineurium, endoneurium

Cranial nerve that is involved in hearing is


a. II
b. III
c. V
d. VIII
e. IX

Answer: D

Which one of the following is the correct sequence of nerves that exit the spinal cord, going from superior to inferior

Which one of the following is the correct sequence of nerves that exit the spinal cord, going from superior to inferior

a. thoracic, cervical, lumbar, sacral
b. cervical, lumbar, thoracic, sacral
c. thoracic, cervical, sacral, lumbar
d. cervical, thoracic, sacral, lumbar
e. cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral

Answer: E

Cell bodies of the sensory neurons of the spinal nerves are located in

Cell bodies of the sensory neurons of the spinal nerves are located in

a. the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord
b. the ventral root ganglia of the spinal cord
c. the thalamus
d. the hypothalamus
e. sympathetic ganglia

Answer: A

The gray matter of the spinal cord

The gray matter of the spinal cord

a. surrounds the central canal
b. contains myelinated fiber tracts
c. is made up of the dorsal, lateral, and ventral columns
d. surrounds the white matter of the spinal cord
e. always carries sensory information to the brain

Answer: A

Which of the following is a traumatic brain injury

Which of the following is a traumatic brain injury

a. cerebrovascular accident
b. Alzheimer's disease
c. aphasia
d. cerebral edema
e. Parkinson's disease

Answer: D

The blood-brain barrier is effective against the passage of

The blood-brain barrier is effective against the passage of 

a. water
b. nutrients such as glucose
c. alcohol
d. anesthetics
e. metabolic waste such as urea

Answer: E

Cerebrospinal fluid

Cerebrospinal fluid 

a. is secreted by the arachnoid villi
b. enters the 4 ventricles after filling and circulating through the subarachnoid space
c. is secreted mostly by the ependymal cells lining the brain ventricles
d. is continuously formed mostly by the choroid plexuses
e. is identical in composition to whole blood

Answer: D

Correct order from outer to innermost layers of meninges

Correct order from outer to innermost layers of meninges

pia mater, dura mater, arachnoid mater
dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

Subarachnoid space lies directly between the


a. arachnoid and dura mater
b. arachnoid and pia mater
c. skull and arachnoid mater
d. arachnoid mater and cerebrum
e. arachnoid mater and cerebellum

Answer: B

Control of temp, endocrine activity, metabolism, and thirst are functions of the

Control of temp, endocrine activity, metabolism, and thirst are functions of the 

a. medulla oblongata
b. cerebellum
c. hypothalamus
d. thalamus
e. cerebrum

Answer: C

Area of the brain stem that plays a role in consciousness and the awake/sleep cycles is the

Area of the brain stem that plays a role in consciousness and the awake/sleep cycles is the

a. thalamus
b. reticular activating system (RAS)
c. pineal gland
d. limbic system
e. cerebellum

Answer: B

Cerebrospinal fluid circulates through all of the following except

Cerebrospinal fluid circulates through all of the following except

a. subarachnoid space
b. corpus callosum
c. cerbral aqueduct
d. fourth ventricle
e. lateral ventricles

Answer: B

Lobe that contains the primary motor area that enables voluntary control of skeletal muscle movements

Lobe that contains the primary motor area that enables voluntary control of skeletal muscle movements

a. parietal
b. temporal
c. occipital
d. frontal
e. diencephalon

Answer: D

The olfactory area is found within the

The olfactory area is found within the 

a. occipital lobe
b. temporal lobe
c. frontal lobe
d. parietal lobe
e. pyramidal tract

Answer: B

The elevated ridges of tissue on surface of cerebral hemispheres are known as ____ while shallow grooves are know as ____.

The elevated ridges of tissue on surface of cerebral hemispheres are known as ____ while shallow grooves are know as ____.

a. sulci, gyri
b. gyri, sulci
c. ganglia, gyri
d. tracts, ganglia
e. receptors, effectors

Answer: B

The 3 major parts of the brain stem are

The 3 major parts of the brain stem are

a. cerebrum, cerebellum, and diencephalon
b. thalamus, epithalamus, and hypothalamus
c. dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater
d. midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
e. basal nuclei, pineal body, and choroid plexus

Answer: D

Which one of the following describes saltatory conduction

Which one of the following describes saltatory conduction

a. occurs only if the myelin sheath is continuous
b. occurs only if nodes of Ranvier are lacking
c. occurs only in absence of axon hillicks
d. is faster than conduction on an unmyelinated fiber
e. is slower than conduction on an unmyelinated fiber

Answer: D

Bipolar neurons are commonly

Bipolar neurons are commonly

a. motor neurons
b. called neuroglia
c. found in ganglia
d. found in the eye and nose
e. more abundant in adults than in children

Answer: D

White matters refers to myelinated fibers in the

White matters refers to myelinated fibers in the 

a. CNS
b. PNS
c. ANS
d. SNS
e. both ANS and SNS

Answer: A

A neuron with a cell body located in the CNS whose primary function is connecting other neurons is called a(n)

A neuron with a cell body located in the CNS whose primary function is connecting other neurons is called a(n)

a. efferent neuron
b. afferent neuron
c. association neuron
d. glial cell
e. satellite cell

Answer: C

Which of the following sensory receptors is a touch receptor

Which of the following sensory receptors is a touch receptor

a. Golgi tendon organ
b. Meissner's corpuscle
c. Pacinian corpuscle
d. naked nerve endings
e. muscle spindles

Answer: B

Which of these cells are not a type of neuroglia found in the CNS

Which of these cells are not a type of neuroglia found in the CNS

a. astrocytes
b. microglia
c. Schwann cells
d. ependymal cells
e. oligodendrocytes

Answer: C

Membrane shown in Figure 4.2 (has arrow pointing on edge of lungs)

Membrane shown in Figure 4.2 (has arrow pointing on edge of lungs)

a. cutaneous
b. synovial
c. pericardium
d. mucous
e. pleura

Answer: E

Acne and seborrhea are caused by problems with

Acne and seborrhea are caused by problems with

a. eccrine glands
b. nail beds
c. sudoriferous glands
d. sebaceous glands
e. hair follicles

Answer: D

Which of the following is an indication of melanoma

Which of the following is an indication of melanoma

a. symmetrical mole
b. pigmented spot that has smooth borders
c. spot on the skin that is smaller than the size of a pencil eraser
d. pigmented spot that is black
e. pigmented spot that contains areas of different colors

Answer: E

Inflammation of the hair follicles and sebaceous glands is called

Inflammation of the hair follicles and sebaceous glands is called

a. impetigo
b. alopecia
c. psoriasis
d. boils
e. contact dermatitis

Answer: D

Sudoriferous glands are important for

Sudoriferous glands are important for

a. production of keratin
b. keeping skin and hair cells soft and flexible
c. production of sweat
d. body heat regulation
e. production of vitamin D

Answer: D

The secretions of the eccrine glands are

The secretions of the eccrine glands are

a. primarily uric acid
b. 99% water, sodium chloride, and trace amounts of wastes and lactic acid
c. fatty substances, proteins, antibodies, and trace amounts of minerals and vitamins
d. solely metabolic wastes
e. basic

Answer: B

Finger-like upward projections of the dermis into the epidermis are called

Finger-like upward projections of the dermis into the epidermis are called

a. hair follicles
b. hair bulbs
c. Meissner's corpuscles
d. dermal papillae
e. Pacinian corpuscles

Answer: D

Which is NOT true about papillary layer of dermis

Which is NOT true about papillary layer of dermis

a. it is the deepest layer of the skin
b. produces the pattern for fingerprints
c. contains nerve ending that respond to touch and temperature stimuli
d. highly vascular
e. located immediately beneath the epidermis

Answer: A

Nutrients reach the surface of the skin through the process of

Nutrients reach the surface of the skin through the process of 

a. absorption
b. evaporation
c. filtration
d. diffusion
e. osmosis

Answer: D

Epidermal cells that are actively mitotic and replace superficial cells that are continually rubbed of are

Epidermal cells that are actively mitotic and replace superficial cells that are continually rubbed of are

a. stratum granulosum
b. stratum corneum
c. stratum lucidum
d. stratum spinosum
e. stratum germinativum

Answer: E

The layer of the epidermis in which cells first die because of their inability to get nutrients and oxygen is the

The layer of the epidermis in which cells first die because of their inability to get nutrients and oxygen is the

a. stratum spinosum
b. stratum granulosum
c. stratum basale
d. stratum corneum
e. stratum lucidum

Answer: E

Which of the following homeostatic imbalances is caused by skin exposure to chemical

Which of the following homeostatic imbalances is caused by skin exposure to chemical

a. athlete's foot
b. cold sores
c. impetigo
d. contact dermatitis
e. cyanosis

Answer: D

A needle would pierce the epidermal layers of the forearm in which order

A needle would pierce the epidermal layers of the forearm in which order

1. stratum basale
2. stratum corneum
3. stratum garnulosum
4. stratum lucidum
5. stratum spinosum



Answer: 2 3 5 1

The hypodermis consists of

The hypodermis consists of 

a. simple columnar epithelium
b. stratified squamous epithelium
c. adipose tissue
d. loose connective tissue
e. dense fibrous connective tissue

Answer: C

The uppermost layer of the skin is

The uppermost layer of the skin is

a. called the dermis
b. full of keratin
c. fed by a good supply of blood vessels
d. called the hypodermis
e. composed of dense connective tissue

Answer: B

The epidermis is composed of

The epidermis is composed of 

a. simple columnar epithelium
b. stratified squamous epithelium
c. adipose tissue
d. areolar tissue
e. dense fibrous connective tissue

Answer: B

Although you get wet while swimming, a tough protein within the skin prevents it from soaking up moisture like a sponge. This substance is

Although you get wet while swimming, a tough protein within the skin prevents it from soaking up moisture like a sponge. This substance is

a. serous fluid
b. melanin
c. mucus
d. carotene
e. keratin

Answer: E

Which of the following is a vital function of the skin

Which of the following is a vital function of the skin

a. converts modified epidermal cholesterol to vitamin D
b. aids in transport of materials throughout the body
c. the cells of the epidermis store glucose as glycogen for energy
d. it absorbs vitamin C so that the skin will not be subject to diseases
e. it aids in desiccation



Answer: A

Sweat glands associated with hair are

Sweat glands associated with hair are

a. sebaceous
b. sudoriferous
c. eccrine
d. sebaceous and eccrine
e. sudoiferous and eccrine

Answer: B

The only dry membrane is the

The only dry membrane is the

a. synovial
b. cutaneous
c. mucous
d. serous
e. basement

Answer: B

Which of the following is a connective tissue membrane

Which of the following is a connective tissue membrane

a. synovial
b. cutaneous
c. mucous
d. serous
e. pleural

Answer: A

Which of the following relationships is incorrect

Which of the following relationships is incorrect

a. visceral peritoneum - covers the outser surface of the small intestine
b. parietal pericardium - covers the outer surface of the heart
c. parietal pleura - lines the wall of thoracic activity
d. visceral pleura - lines the surface of the lungs
e. parietal peritoneum - lines the wall of the abdominal cavity

Answer: B

Which type of membrane contains fluid between the visceral and parietal layers

Which type of membrane contains fluid between the visceral and parietal layers

a. synovial
b. serous
c. cutaneous
d. mucous
e. connective

Answer: B

The categories of epithelial tissue membranes are

The categories of epithelial tissue membranes are

a. synovial, cutaneous, and mucous
b. synovial, cutaneuos, and serous
c. synovial, mucous, and serous
d. synovial, mucous, and cutaneous
e. mucous, cutaneous, and serous

Answer: E

Ribs are located in the

Ribs are located in the 

a. right and left iliac regions
b. right and left lumbar regions
c. right and left pubic regions
d. right and left hypochondriac regions
e. right and left inguinal regions

Answer: D

Which of these regions in the abdominopelvic cavity are medial

Which of these regions in the abdominopelvic cavity are medial

a. umbilical, right and left lumbar
b. epigastric, umbilical, and hypogastric
c. iliac, lumbar, and hypogastric
d. epigastric, right and left hypochondriac
e. right and left iliac, and hypogastric regions

Answer: B

Which type of section could be used to separate the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity

Which type of section could be used to separate the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity

a. coronal
b. saggital
c. dorsal
d. ventral
e. transverse

Answer: E

A section that divides the body on the longitudinal plane into equal right and left parts is called

A section that divides the body on the longitudinal plane into equal right and left parts is called

a. median (midsagittal)
b. frontal
c. tranverse
d. oblique
e. coronal

Answer: A

Which of these regions are NOT associated with the ventral (anterior) portion of the head

Which of these regions are NOT associated with the ventral (anterior) portion of the head

a. buccal
b. oral
c. orbital
d. occipital
e. nasal

Answer: D

The region that contains the navel is the

The region that contains the navel is the

a. carpal region
b. umbilical region
c. inguinal region
d. orbital region
e. anterior knee

Answer: B

Describe relationship between patellar and popliteal regions

Describe relationship between patellar and popliteal regions

a. patellar is superior to popliteal
b. patellar is proximal to popliteal
c. patellar is distal to popliteal
d. patellar is lateral to popliteal
e. patellar is anterior to popliteal

Answer: E

Which of the following orientation and direction terms have the same meaning (in humans)

Which of the following orientation and direction terms have the same meaning (in humans)

a. superior and caudal
b. inferior and cranial
c. inferior and cephalad
d. anterior and ventral
e. anterior and dorsal

Answer: D

Your body thermostat is located in a part of the brain called the hypothalamus. Which of the following elements of a control system does this area in the brain represent

Your body thermostat is located in a part of the brain called the hypothalamus. Which of the following elements of a control system does this area in the brain represent

a. control center
b. stimulus
c. effector
d. efferent pathway
e. afferent pathway

Answer: A

Which of the following is NOT a necessary life function

Which of the following is NOT a necessary life function

a. maintaining boundaries
b. movement
c. responsiveness
d. nutrients
e. metabolism

Answer: D

Elimination of metabolic wastes from the body is the function of the

Elimination of metabolic wastes from the body is the function of the 

a. digestive system
b. urinary system
c. respiratory system
d. digestive and urinary systems
e. digestive and respiratory systems

Answer: B

The muscular system consists of the

The muscular system consists of the

a. skeletal muscles
b. muscles of the heart
c. muscles in the walls of hollow organs
d. skeletal muscles and the muscles of the heart
e. muscles of the heat and those in the walls of the hollow organs

Answer: A

The lymphatic system:

The lymphatic system:

a. responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands
b. picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to the blood
c. synthesizes vitamin D
d. produces heat
e. secretes hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells

Answer: B

The study of the function of the body and body parts is called

The study of the function of the body and body parts is called

a. anatomy
b. physiology
c. homeostasis
d. negative feedback
e. irritability

Answer: B

The most important chemical stimuli leading to increased rate and depth of breathing is:

The most important chemical stimuli leading to increased rate and depth of breathing is:

a. decreased oxygen level in the blood
b. increased blood pH
c. increased carbon dioxide in the blood
d. increased hydrogen ion in the blood
e. decreased carbon dioxide in the blood

Answer: C

The walls of the alveoli are composed largely of:

The walls of the alveoli are composed largely of:

a. simple squamous epithelium
b. stratified squamous epithelium
c. simple cuboidal epithelium
d. stratified cuboidal epithelium
e. pseudostratified epithelium

Answer: A

What is the role of mucus in the nasal cavity

What is the role of mucus in the nasal cavity

a. increase the air turbulence in the nasal cavity
b. separate the oral from the nasal cavity
c. lighten the skull
d. act as a resonance chamber for speech
e. trap incoming bacteria and other foreign debris

Answer: E

The volume of blood pumped out by each ventricle with each beat of the heart is called the:

The volume of blood pumped out by each ventricle with each beat of the heart is called the:

a. cardiac output
b. cardiac cycle
c. stroke volume
d. heart rate
e. diastolic pressure

Answer: C

The matrix of blood is called:

The matrix of blood is called:

a. buffy coat
b. plasma
c. erythrocytes
d. lymphocytes
e. formed elements

Answer: B

The presence of an epiphyseal plate indicates that:

The presence of an epiphyseal plate indicates that:

a. bone is dead
b. bone length is no longer increasing
c. bone diameter is increasing
d. bone diameter is decreasing
e. bone length is increasing

Answer: E

The _______ is responsible for setting the basic rhythm of breathing.

The _______ is responsible for setting the basic rhythm of breathing.

Answer: VRG

Hemoglobin molecules are fully saturated when bound to _______ molecule(s) of O2

Hemoglobin molecules are fully saturated when bound to _______ molecule(s) of O2

Answer: 4

Why is the rate of CO2 exchange roughly equivalent to that of O2 despite its less steep pressure gradient?

Why is the rate of CO2 exchange roughly equivalent to that of O2 despite its less steep pressure gradient?

Answer: CO2 is more soluble in water than is O2.

When holding our breath for a long time we get the urge to breathe due to:

When holding our breath for a long time we get the urge to breathe due to:

a. a decrease in N2.
b. a decrease in O2.
c. an increase in CO2.
d. an increase in pH.

Answer: C

Which of the following has the greatest effect on respiration rate?

Which of the following has the greatest effect on respiration rate?

a. PO2
b. PCO2
c. PN2
d. Both a and b have an equal effect

Answer: B

The inflation reflex depends upon stimulation of which type of receptor?

The inflation reflex depends upon stimulation of which type of receptor?

a. Nociceptors
b. Chemoreceptors
c. Mechanoreceptors
d. Thermoreceptors

Answer: C

A decrease in pH will have what effect on the respiration rate?

A decrease in pH will have what effect on the respiration rate?

a. Decrease
b. Increase
c. No effect
d. No effect unless lung damage is present

Answer: B

Normal quiet respiration is controlled by the:

Normal quiet respiration is controlled by the:

a. dorsal respiratory group.
b. ventral respiratory group.
c. pontine respiratory group.
d. cerebral cortex.

Answer: B

Which of the following will increase hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen?

Which of the following will increase hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen? 

a. A decrease in pH
b. An increase in PCO2
c. An increase in temperature
d. The presence of some O2 already bound to the hemoglobin

Answer: D

In the tissues, hemoglobin will release some oxygen and bind to:

In the tissues, hemoglobin will release some oxygen and bind to:

a. carbonic acid.
b. hydrogen ions.
c. chloride ions.
d. bicarbonate ions.

Answer: B

Hemoglobin has the highest affinity for which of the following?

Hemoglobin has the highest affinity for which of the following?

a. O2
b. CO2
c. CO
d. H+

Answer: C

The majority of carbon dioxide is transported:

The majority of carbon dioxide is transported:

a. bound to hemoglobin.
b. dissolved in the plasma.
c. as bicarbonate ions.
d. as carbonic acid.

Answer: C

Low PO2 and high PCO2 in the alveoli will cause:

Low PO2 and high PCO2 in the alveoli will cause:

a. constriction of pulmonary capillaries and bronchioles.
b. dilation of pulmonary capillaries and bronchioles.
c. constriction of pulmonary capillaries and dilation of bronchioles.
d. dilation of pulmonary capillaries and constriction of bronchioles.

Answer: C

The rate of oxygen diffusion across the respiratory membrane depends upon all of the following except:

The rate of oxygen diffusion across the respiratory membrane depends upon all of the following except:

a. the thickness of the respiratory membrane.
b. partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli.
c. partial pressure of oxygen in the blood.
d. partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood.

Answer: D

The pressure exerted by each type of gas in a gas mixture is the __________ of that gas.

The pressure exerted by each type of gas in a gas mixture is the __________ of that gas.

a. partial force
b. partial percentage
c. partial volume
d. partial pressure

Answer: D

Which of the following is the most abundant gas in our air?

Which of the following is the most abundant gas in our air?

a. Oxygen
b. Hydrogen
c. Nitrogen
d. Argon

Answer: C

Which of the following is responsible for keeping the lungs from collapsing?

Which of the following is responsible for keeping the lungs from collapsing?

a. Surfactant
b. Intrapulmonary pressure
c. Transpulmonary pressure
d. Intrapleural pressure

Answer: C

All of the following statements are true of inspiration except:

All of the following statements are true of inspiration except:

a. the rib cage is elevated.
b. the diaphragm is relaxed.
c. volume in the thoracic cavity has increased.
d. intrapulmonary pressure has decreased.

Answer: B

This volume of air remains in the lungs after maximal expiration.

This volume of air remains in the lungs after maximal expiration.

a. Vital capacity
b. Expiratory reserve volume
c. Tidal volume
d. Residual volume

Answer: D

Surfactant decreases the __________ in the alveoli.

Surfactant decreases the __________ in the alveoli.

a. surface tension
b. pressure
c. compliance
d. volume

Answer: A

An increase in the volume of a container filled with air would have what effect on the pressure of the container?

An increase in the volume of a container filled with air would have what effect on the pressure of the container?

a. Increase the pressure
b. Decrease the pressure
c. No effect
d. A temporary effect

Answer: B

All of the following are part of the conduction zone except:

All of the following are part of the conduction zone except:

a. main bronchi.
b. respiratory bronchioles.
c. segmental bronchioles.
d. terminal bronchioles.

Answer: B

The Bohr effect describes _________.

The Bohr effect describes _________.

a. a shift to the left in the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve

b. enhanced cooperation of oxygen binding to hemoglobin in the lungs

c. a shift to the right in the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve

d. the conformational structures of hemoglobin as it picks up oxygen in the lungs

Answer: C

Hemoglobin molecules are fully saturated when bound to ____ molecule(s) of O2.

Hemoglobin molecules are fully saturated when bound to ____ molecule(s) of O2.

a. one

b. two

c. three

d. four

Answer: D

Why is the rate of CO2 exchange roughly equivalent to that of O2 despite its less steep pressure gradient?

Why is the rate of CO2 exchange roughly equivalent to that of O2 despite its less steep pressure gradient?

a. CO2 diffuses much more rapidly out of the cells.

b. CO2 binds to O2 and moves across the respiratory membrane simultaneously.

c. CO2 is more soluble in water than is O2.

d. CO2 is actively transported into the alveoli.

Answer: C

The pressure exerted by each gas in a mixture is proportional to its percentage. This is _______.

The pressure exerted by each gas in a mixture is proportional to its percentage. This is _______.

a. Dalton's law of partial pressures

b. Boyle's law of partial pressures

c. Henry's law of gas percentages

d. the law of gas proportionality

Answer: A

Two gases contribute to 99% of the total atmospheric pressure. They are ______.

Two gases contribute to 99% of the total atmospheric pressure. They are ______.

a. CO2 and O2

b. N and O2

c. CO2 and H2O vapor

d. N and CO2

Answer: B

During an asthma attack, bronchioles become severely _______. Taking epinephrine causes them to _______.

During an asthma attack, bronchioles become severely _______. Taking epinephrine causes them to _______.

a. constricted; dilate

b. dilated; constrict

c. mucus-filled; empty of mucus

d. both a and c

Answer: A

Boyle's law explains that _________.

Boyle's law explains that _________.

a. at higher temperatures gases are more compressed

b. gases under low pressure have a lower volume

c. gases are least soluble when they are in liquid

d. the pressure of a gas varies inversely with its volume

Answer: D

Air is forced out of the lungs during normal expiration due to _________.

Air is forced out of the lungs during normal expiration due to _________.

a. contraction of the diaphragm

b. elastic recoil of tissues

c. contraction of bronchioles

d. contraction of the external intercostal muscles

Answer: B

Air moves into the lungs during inspiration due to the force of __________.

Air moves into the lungs during inspiration due to the force of __________.

a. the diaphragm

b. the abdominal muscles

c. atmospheric pressure

d. the external intercostal muscles

Answer: C

If transpulmonary pressure were to suddenly decrease, predict the response by the lungs.

If transpulmonary pressure were to suddenly decrease, predict the response by the lungs.

a. The lungs would not recoil and air would remain trapped in them.

b. The lungs would adhere to the parietal pleura and would crumple like an accordion.

c. The lungs would immediately collapse.

d. The lungs would remain unchanged.

Answer: C

The pressure in the alveoli is known as __________.

The pressure in the alveoli is known as __________.

a. intrapulmonary pressure

b. intrapleural pressure

c. transpulmonary pressure

d. atmospheric pressure

Answer: A

The respiratory membrane is composed of:

The respiratory membrane is composed of:

a. the alveolar sacs and pulmonary arteries.

b. the alveolar membrane, the capillary wall, and their fused basement membrane.

c. the fusion of the type I cells and type II cells in the lungs.

d. the cells found between the alveolar pores.

Answer: B

As the bronchial tree terminates in bronchioles, the principal material comprising their walls is smooth muscle. What functional purpose does this smooth muscle provide?

As the bronchial tree terminates in bronchioles, the principal material comprising their walls is smooth muscle. What functional purpose does this smooth muscle provide?

a. The walls of the bronchioles provide patent airways to the alveoli.

b. The walls of the bronchioles allow for gas exchange before air actually enters the alveoli.

c. The presence of smooth muscle allows the walls of the bronchioles to constrict and provides control over air flow.

d. Both a and c are true.

Answer: C

Breathing air through the nose provides multiple functions. What function would be most impacted while breathing dry air?

Breathing air through the nose provides multiple functions. What function would be most impacted while breathing dry air?

a. Warming of the air

b. Delivering the air to the lungs

c. Providing a resonance chamber for speech

d. Humidifying the air

Answer: D

Bacteria or other particulate debris contained within inspired air are removed or destroyed by _______.

Bacteria or other particulate debris contained within inspired air are removed or destroyed by _______.

a. mucus
b. Vibrissae or nasal hair
c. stomach acid
d. all of the above

Answer: D

The __ zone includes the alveoli, while the __ zone includes the trachea.

The __ zone includes the alveoli, while the __ zone includes the trachea.

a. Conducting; respiratory

b. Transport; ventilation

c. Respiratory; conducting

d. Ventilation; transport

Answer: C

For what metabolic reason does respiration occur?

For what metabolic reason does respiration occur?

a. Solely to increase blood o2 levels

b. To supply cells with o2 for apt synthesis and to remove co2 from the blood

c. To offload metabolic toxins from body fluids

d. To decrease blood o2 levels and increase blood co2




Answer: C

The respiratory membrane is composed of fused basement membrane of the capillary walls and __________.

The respiratory membrane is composed of fused basement membrane of the capillary walls and __________.

Answer: the alveoli

Terminal bronchioles are lined with __________ epithelium.

Terminal bronchioles are lined with __________ epithelium.

Answer: cuboidal

The trachea is lined with __________ epithelium.

The trachea is lined with __________ epithelium.

Answer: pseudostratified ciliated columnar

The archway in the back of the throat is called the __________.

The archway in the back of the throat is called the __________.

Answer: fauces

The cartilaginous flap that closes the trachea during swallowing is called the __________.

The cartilaginous flap that closes the trachea during swallowing is called the __________.

Answer: epiglottis

The __________ regulates smoothing of transitions from inspiration to expiration.

The __________ regulates smoothing of transitions from inspiration to expiration.

Answer: pontine respiratory group

Unloading of oxygen from oxyhemoglobin due to declining pH is called the __________.

Unloading of oxygen from oxyhemoglobin due to declining pH is called the __________.

Answer: Bohr effect

Type II alveolar cells secrete __________.

Type II alveolar cells secrete __________.

Answer: surfactant

The rhythm of normal breathing is controlled by neurons located in the __________.

The rhythm of normal breathing is controlled by neurons located in the __________. 

A. cerebellum
B. vagus nerve
C. spinal cord
D. medulla oblongata

Answer: D

Chemoreceptors in the brain are activated primarily by the presence of __________ in the cerebrospinal fluid.

Chemoreceptors in the brain are activated primarily by the presence of __________ in the cerebrospinal fluid. 

A. hydrogen ions
B. oxygen ions
C. carbonic acid
D. bicarbonate ions

Answer: A

At a partial pressure of 100 mm Hg in the alveoli, the percent saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen in the pulmonary capillaries will be __________.

At a partial pressure of 100 mm Hg in the alveoli, the percent saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen in the pulmonary capillaries will be __________. 

A. almost 100 percent
B. about 90 percent, depending on the rate of blood flow
C. 80 percent or more, depending on how hard we breathe
D. 75 percent, because the solubility of oxygen in water is low

Answer: A

The amount of oxygen released by the hemoglobin molecules in the blood to the tissues __________.

The amount of oxygen released by the hemoglobin molecules in the blood to the tissues __________. 

A. decreases as PCO2 increases
B. increases as blood pH decreases
C. decreases as temperature increases
D. increases as PCO2 decreases

Answer: B

The amount of oxygen that can combine with heme is determined mainly by the __________.

The amount of oxygen that can combine with heme is determined mainly by the __________. 

A. systolic blood pressure
B. partial pressure of oxygen
C. concentration of hydrogen ions
D. concentration of carbonic anhydrase

Answer: B

When oxygen combines with the heme of hemoglobin, what is formed?

When oxygen combines with the heme of hemoglobin, what is formed? 

A. Oxyhemoglobin
B. Hemoglobin
C. Carbaminohemoglobin
D. Carbonic acid

Answer: A

The enzyme carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the reaction between __________.

The enzyme carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the reaction between __________. 

A. carbon dioxide and water
B. carbon dioxide and bicarbonate ions
C. hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions
D. hydrogen ions and water

Answer: A

Carbon dioxide binds to the globin portion of hemoglobin to form __________.

Carbon dioxide binds to the globin portion of hemoglobin to form __________. 

A. oxyhemoglobin
B. hemoglobin
C. carbonic anhydrase
D. carbaminohemoglobin

Answer: D

During internal and external respiration, gases move by __________.

During internal and external respiration, gases move by __________. 

A. osmosis
B. active transport
C. endocytosis
D. diffusion

Answer: D

In the lungs __________.

In the lungs __________. 

A. PCO2 is high in the alveoli and low in the capillaries
B. PCO2 is high in the alveoli and high in the capillaries
C. PCO2 is low in the alveoli and high in the capillaries
D. PCO2 is low in the alveoli and low in the capillaries

Answer: C

Internal respiration occurs __________.

Internal respiration occurs __________. 

A. between atmosphere and blood
B. between systemic capillaries and tissue cells
C. in bronchi and trachea
D. in the lungs

Answer: B

As blood enters the systemic capillaries __________.

As blood enters the systemic capillaries __________. 

A. PO2 is high in the blood and low in the tissues
B. PO2 is low in the blood and high in the tissues
C. PO2 is low in the blood and low in the tissues
D. PO2 is high in the blood and high in the tissues

Answer: A

After you inhale in a quiet inhalation, which lung volume does not contain any air?

After you inhale in a quiet inhalation, which lung volume does not contain any air? 

A. Residual volume
B. Expiratory reserve volume
C. Tidal volume
D. Inspiratory reserve volume

Answer: D

The sum of the inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume and expiratory reserve volume is the __________.

The sum of the inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume and expiratory reserve volume is the __________. 

A. vital capacity
B. inspiratory capacity
C. functional residual capacity
D. total lung capacity

Answer: A

Tidal volume is __________.

Tidal volume is __________. 

A. the amount of air that can be forced from the lungs after normal exhalation
B. the volume of air in one breath during normal relaxed breathing
C. about 5,800 mL
D. about 3,000 mL

Answer: B

Just before we inhale, __________.

Just before we inhale, __________. 

A. both alveolar pressure and intrapleural pressure decrease
B. both alveolar pressure and intrapleural pressure increase
C. alveolar pressure increases and intrapleural pressure decreases
D. alveolar pressure decreases and intrapleural pressure increases

Answer: A

When the diaphragm lowers during breathing __________.

When the diaphragm lowers during breathing __________. 

A. volume in the thoracic cavity increases
B. alveolar pressure increases
C. external intercostal muscles relax
D. pleural cavity decreases in size

Answer: A

In order for inspiration to occur __________.

In order for inspiration to occur __________. 

A. alveolar pressure must decrease
B. the thoracic cavity must decrease in size
C. external intercostal muscles must pull ribs down and in
D. external intercostal muscles must relax

Answer: A

The term pulmonary ventilation refers to __________.

The term pulmonary ventilation refers to __________. 

A. external respiration
B. cellular respiration
C. internal respiration
D. mechanics of breathing

Answer: D

The function of alveolar macrophages is to __________.

The function of alveolar macrophages is to __________. 

A. secrete surfactant
B. provide oxygen to the Type I alveolar cells
C. remove dust particles and other debris from alveolar spaces
D. to form part of the terminal bronchioles

Answer: C

The smallest and last tube the air flows through before it reaches the alveoli is the __________.

The smallest and last tube the air flows through before it reaches the alveoli is the __________. 

A. tertiary bronchiole
B. terminal bronchiole
C. respiratory bronchiole
D. alveolar duct

Answer: C

Functionally, the bronchi are considered to be part of the __________ portion of the respiratory system.

Functionally, the bronchi are considered to be part of the __________ portion of the respiratory system. 

A. upper
B. lower
C. conducting
D. respiratory

Answer: C

Epithelial cells of some regions of the respiratory tract are ciliated. The function of these cilia is to __________.

Epithelial cells of some regions of the respiratory tract are ciliated. The function of these cilia is to __________. 

A. moisten the inhaled air
B. secrete mucus
C. move mucus toward the pharynx
D. respond to olfactory stimuli

Answer: C

The vocal folds are found in the __________.

The vocal folds are found in the __________. 

A. glottis
B. pharynx
C. larynx
D. trachea

Answer: C

Surface tension of the alveolar fluid is reduced by the presence of __________.

Surface tension of the alveolar fluid is reduced by the presence of __________. 

A. surfactant
B. serotonin
C. histamine
D. hyaline cartilage rings

Answer: A

The respiratory membrane consists of __________.

The respiratory membrane consists of __________. 

A. a single layer of epithelial cells
B. a single layer of epithelial cells and a basement membrane
C. two layers of epithelial cells and a basement membrane
D. two layers of epithelial cells

Answer: C

During swallowing, the glottis is covered by __________.

During swallowing, the glottis is covered by __________. 

A. hyaline cartilage rings
B. the epiglottis
C. pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
D. the tongue

Answer: B

The right lung has __________.

The right lung has __________. 

A. 2 fissures and 3 lobes
B. 1 fissure, 2 lobes, and the cardiac notch
C. 2 fissures, 3 lobes, and the cardiac notch
D. 1 fissure and 2 lobes

Answer: A

The first respiratory branches after the trachea are called __________.

The first respiratory branches after the trachea are called __________. 

A. lobar bronchi
B. segmental bronchi
C. primary bronchi
D. respiratory bronchi

Answer: C

Nerves, pulmonary vessels, and bronchi enter the lungs at the __________.

Nerves, pulmonary vessels, and bronchi enter the lungs at the __________.

A. cupola
B. hilus
C. base
D. costal surface

Answer: B

Mucous membranes of the nasal passages, nasopharynx and trachea are lined with what type of epithelium?

Mucous membranes of the nasal passages, nasopharynx and trachea are lined with what type of epithelium? 

A. Stratified columnar
B. Simple squamous
C. Simple columnar
D. Pseudostratified ciliated columnar

Answer: D

Hemoglobin has the highest affinity for which of the following?

Hemoglobin has the highest affinity for which of the following? 

A. O2
B. CO2
C. CO
D. H+

Answer: C

When holding our breath for a long time, we get the urge to breathe because of ___________.

When holding our breath for a long time, we get the urge to breathe because of ___________. 

A. a decrease in N2
B. a decrease in O2
C. an increase in CO2
D. an increase in pH

Answer: C

Which of the following has the greatest effect on respiration rate?

Which of the following has the greatest effect on respiration rate? 

A. PO2
B. PCO2
C. PN2
D. Both a and b have an equal effect

Answer: B

A decrease in pH will have what effect on the respiration rate?

A decrease in pH will have what effect on the respiration rate? 

A. Decrease
B. Increase
C. No effect
D. No effect unless lung damage is present

Answer: B

Which of the following will increase hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen?

Which of the following will increase hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen? 

A. A decrease in pH
B. An increase in PCO2
C. An increase in temperature
D. The presence of some O2 already bound to the hemoglobin

Answer: D

In the tissues, hemoglobin will release some oxygen and bind to ___________.

In the tissues, hemoglobin will release some oxygen and bind to ___________. 

A. carbonic acid
B. hydrogen ions
C. chloride ions
D. bicarbonate ions

Answer: B

The rate of oxygen diffusion across the respiratory membrane depends upon all of the following except ___________.

The rate of oxygen diffusion across the respiratory membrane depends upon all of the following except ___________. 

A. the thickness of the respiratory membrane
B. partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli
C. partial pressure of oxygen in the blood
D. partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood

Answer: D

The majority of carbon dioxide is transported ___________.

The majority of carbon dioxide is transported ___________. 

A. bound to hemoglobin
B. dissolved in the plasma
C. as bicarbonate ions
D. as carbonic acid

Answer: C

Low PO2 and high PCO2 in the alveoli will cause ___________.

Low PO2 and high PCO2 in the alveoli will cause ___________. 

A. constriction of pulmonary capillaries and bronchioles
B. dilation of pulmonary capillaries and bronchioles
C. constriction of pulmonary capillaries and dilation of bronchioles
D. dilation of pulmonary capillaries and constriction of bronchioles

Answer: C

Which of the following is responsible for keeping the lungs from collapsing?

Which of the following is responsible for keeping the lungs from collapsing? 

A. Surfactant
B. Intrapulmonary pressure
C. Transpulmonary pressure
D. Intrapleural pressure

Answer: C

All of the following statements are true of inspiration except ___________.

All of the following statements are true of inspiration except ___________. 

A. the rib cage is elevated
B. the diaphragm is relaxed
C. volume in the thoracic cavity has increased
D. intrapulmonary pressure has decreased

Answer: B

The amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inspiration is termed the ___________.

The amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inspiration is termed the ___________. 

A. vital capacity
B. expiratory reserve volume
C. inspiratory reserve volume
D. inspiratory capacity

Answer: C

Surfactant decreases the ___________ in the alveoli.

Surfactant decreases the ___________ in the alveoli. 

A. surface tension
B. pressure
C. compliance
D. volume

Answer: A

All of the following are part of the conducting zone except the ___________.

All of the following are part of the conducting zone except the ___________. 

A. main bronchi
B. respiratory bronchioles
C. segmental bronchioles
D. terminal bronchioles

Answer: B

Which of the following delivers air to the lobes of the lungs?

Which of the following delivers air to the lobes of the lungs? 

A. Primary bronchi
B. Secondary bronchi
C. Tertiary bronchi
D. Terminal bronchioles

Answer: B

The "Adam's apple" is located on which cartilage?

The "Adam's apple" is located on which cartilage? 

A. Cricoid cartilage
B. Thyroid cartilage
C. Arytenoid cartilage
D. Corniculate cartilage

Answer: B

________ is the most potent chemical influencing respiration.

________ is the most potent chemical influencing respiration. 

A. O2
B. N
C. H2O
D. CO2

Answer: D

The _________ is responsible for setting the basic rhythm of breathing.

The _________ is responsible for setting the basic rhythm of breathing. 

A. VRG
B. DRG
C. pontine respiratory group
D. pons

Answer: A

The chloride shift occurs in red blood cells to ___________.

The chloride shift occurs in red blood cells to ___________. 

A. provide chlorine to the enzyme carbonic anhydrase
B. counterbalance the exodus of bicarbonate ions from red blood cells
C. counterbalance the exodus of H+ from red blood cells
D. convert chloride ions to bicarbonate ions

Answer: B

Red blood cells contain the enzyme ___________, which catalyzes the formation of carbonic acid.

Red blood cells contain the enzyme ___________, which catalyzes the formation of carbonic acid.

A. carbonic anhydrase
B. carbon dioxide acidase
C. oxidase
D. catalase

Answer: A

The Bohr effect describes ___________.

The Bohr effect describes ___________. 

A. a shift to the left in the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve
B. enhanced cooperation of oxygen binding to hemoglobin in the lungs
C. a shift to the right in the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve
D. the conformational structures of hemoglobin as it picks up oxygen in the lungs

Answer: C

Hemoglobin molecules are fully saturated when bound to ___________ molecule(s) of O2.

Hemoglobin molecules are fully saturated when bound to ___________ molecule(s) of O2. 

A. one
B. two
C. three
D. four

Answer: D

Why is it possible to deliver more O2 to vigorously working cells without increasing respiration rate or cardiac output?

Why is it possible to deliver more O2 to vigorously working cells without increasing respiration rate or cardiac output? 

A. It isn't; a small decrease in PO2 has little effect on hemoglobin unloading.
B. Once one molecule of O2 is bound to hemoglobin, the other molecules bind much more rapidly.
C. At a PO2 between 0 and 40, hemoglobin saturation changes rapidly and a greater degree of unloading occurs with even small changes in PO2.
D. CO2 released from the vigorously working cells enhances O2 binding to hemoglobin.

Answer: C

Why is the rate of CO2 exchange roughly equivalent to that of O2 despite its less steep pressure gradient?

Why is the rate of CO2 exchange roughly equivalent to that of O2 despite its less steep pressure gradient? 

A. CO2 diffuses much more rapidly out of the cells.
B. CO2 binds to O2 and moves across the respiratory membrane simultaneously.
C. CO2 is more soluble in water than is O2.
D. CO2 is actively transported into the alveoli.

Answer: C

Two gases contribute to 99% of the total atmospheric pressure. They are ___________.

Two gases contribute to 99% of the total atmospheric pressure. They are ___________. 

A. CO2 and O2
B. N2 and O2
C. CO2 and H2
O vapor
D. N2 and CO2

Answer: B

The typical volume of air involved in alveolar ventilation is ___________ mL.

The typical volume of air involved in alveolar ventilation is ___________ mL. 

A. 150
B. 350
C. 500
D. 4800

Answer: B

Air moves into the lungs during inspiration due to the force of ___________.

Air moves into the lungs during inspiration due to the force of ___________. 

A. the diaphragm
B. the abdominal muscles
C. atmospheric pressure
D. the external intercostal muscles

Answer: C

If transpulmonary pressure were to suddenly decrease, predict the response by the lungs.

If transpulmonary pressure were to suddenly decrease, predict the response by the lungs. 

A. The lungs would not recoil and air would remain trapped in them.
B. The lungs would adhere to the parietal pleura and would crumple like an accordion.
C. The lungs would immediately collapse.
D. The lungs would remain unchanged.

Answer: C

The pressure in the alveoli is known as ___________.

The pressure in the alveoli is known as ___________. 

A. intrapulmonary pressure
B. intrapleural pressure
C. transpulmonary pressure
D. atmospheric pressure

Answer: A

Even the most forceful exhalation leaves air in the lungs; this is called the ___________ and is needed to ___________.

Even the most forceful exhalation leaves air in the lungs; this is called the ___________ and is needed to ___________. 

A. tidal volume; acquire adequate O2
B. vital capacity; remove adequate CO2
C. functional residual capacity; keep alveoli patent
D. residual volume; keep alveoli patent

Answer: D

The respiratory membrane is composed of ___________.

The respiratory membrane is composed of ___________. 

A. the alveolar sacs and pulmonary arteries
B. the alveolar membrane, the capillary wall, and their fused basement membrane
C. the fusion of the type I and type II alveolar cells
D. the cells found between the alveolar pores

Answer: B

Which of the following is not part of the conducting zone?

Which of the following is not part of the conducting zone? 

A. Primary bronchi
B. Lobar bronchi
C. Terminal bronchioles
D. Alveolar ducts

Answer: D

Breathing air through the nose serves multiple functions. What function would be increased when breathing dry air?

Breathing air through the nose serves multiple functions. What function would be increased when breathing dry air? 

A. Warming the air
B. Delivering the air to the lungs
C. Providing a resonance chamber for speech
D. Humidifying the air

Answer: D

Surface area in the nasal cavity is increased by the presence of ___________.

Surface area in the nasal cavity is increased by the presence of ___________. 

A. olfactory folds
B. conchae
C. microvilli
D. choanae

Answer: B

Bacteria or other particulate debris contained within inspired air are removed by the ___________.

Bacteria or other particulate debris contained within inspired air are removed by the ___________. 

A. mucus
B. vibrissae
C. conchae
D. all of the above
A. mucus
B. vibrissae

Answer: C

Occasionally food or liquids will "go down the wrong pipe," initiating a cough reflex. Which structural barrier has been breached if this happens?

Occasionally food or liquids will "go down the wrong pipe," initiating a cough reflex. Which structural barrier has been breached if this happens? 

A. Laryngopharynx
B. Uvula
C. Epiglottis
D. Glottis

Answer: C

The most violent coughing is initiated when foreign objects contact the ___________ of the trachea.

The most violent coughing is initiated when foreign objects contact the ___________ of the trachea. 

A. carina
B. trachealis
C. tracheal rings
D. mucosa

Answer: A

The ___________ zone includes the alveoli, and the ___________ zone includes the trachea.

The ___________ zone includes the alveoli, and the ___________ zone includes the trachea. 

A. conducting; respiratory
B. transport; ventilation
C. respiratory; conducting
D. ventilation; transport

Answer: C