Organized groups of cells (plus their intercellular substances) that have a common purpose form a(n) ________.

Organized groups of cells (plus their intercellular substances) that have a common purpose form a(n) ________.

A) organ
B) tissue
C) organism
D) organ system


Answer: B) tissue

The fiber type that gives connective tissue great tensile strength is ________.

The fiber type that gives connective tissue great tensile strength is ________.

A) elastic
B) collagen
C) reticular
D) muscle


Answer: B) collagen

Which tissue type arises from all three embryonic germ layers?

Which tissue type arises from all three embryonic germ layers?

A) epithelial tissue
B) connective tissue
C) nervous tissue
D) muscle tissue


Answer: A) epithelial tissue

Cell types likely to be seen in areolar connective tissue include all except ________.

Cell types likely to be seen in areolar connective tissue include all except ________.

A) chondrocytes
B) fibroblasts
C) macrophages
D) mast cells


Answer: A) chondrocytes

Matrix is composed of ________.

Matrix is composed of ________.

A) cells and fibers
B) fibers and ground substance
C) ground substance and cells
D) all organic compounds


Answer: B) fibers and ground substance

Which statement best describes connective tissue?

Which statement best describes connective tissue?

A) usually contains a large amount of matrix
B) always arranged in a single layer of cells
C) primarily concerned with secretion
D) usually lines a body cavity


Answer: A) usually contains a large amount of matrix

Which of the following is a single-celled layer of epithelium that forms the lining of serous membranes?

Which of the following is a single-celled layer of epithelium that forms the lining of serous membranes?

A) simple transitional
B) simple columnar
C) simple squamous
D) simple cuboidal


Answer: C) simple squamous

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium ________.

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium ________.

A) lines the respiratory tract
B) aids in digestion
C) possesses no goblet cells
D) is not an epithelial classification


Answer: A) lines the respiratory tract

What feature characterizes simple columnar epithelium of the digestive tract?

What feature characterizes simple columnar epithelium of the digestive tract?

A) dense microvilli
B) a rich vascular supply
C) fibroblasts
D) cilia


Answer: A) dense microvilli

Mammary glands exhibit a glandular type called ________.

Mammary glands exhibit a glandular type called ________.

A) simple tubular
B) compound tubular
C) simple alveolar
D) compound alveolar


Answer: D) compound alveolar

Which of the following would be of most importance to goblet cells and other glandular epithelium?

Which of the following would be of most importance to goblet cells and other glandular epithelium?

A) microvilli
B) Golgi bodies
C) lysosomes
D) multiple nuclei


Answer: B) Golgi bodies

Epithelial tissue ________.

Epithelial tissue ________.

A) is highly vascularized
B) has a basement membrane
C) is usually acellular
D) contains a number of neuron types


Answer: B) has a basement membrane

How is hyaline cartilage different from elastic or fibrocartilage?

How is hyaline cartilage different from elastic or fibrocartilage?

A) It is more vascularized.
B) It contains more nuclei.
C) Fibers are not normally visible.
D) It has more elastic fibers.


Answer: C) Fibers are not normally visible.

What tissue has lacunae, calcium salts, and blood vessels?

What tissue has lacunae, calcium salts, and blood vessels?

A) cartilage tissue
B) fibrocartilaginous tissue
C) osseous tissue
D) areolar tissue


Answer: C) osseous tissue

The reason that intervertebral discs exhibit a large amount of tensile strength to absorb shock is because they possess ________.

The reason that intervertebral discs exhibit a large amount of tensile strength to absorb shock is because they possess ________.

A) hydroxyapatite crystals
B) collagen fibers
C) reticular fibers
D) elastic fibers


Answer: B) collagen fibers

Which of the following is not found in the matrix of cartilage but is in bone?

Which of the following is not found in the matrix of cartilage but is in bone?

A) live cells
B) lacunae
C) blood vessels
D) organic fibers


Answer: C) blood vessels

If a tRNA had an AGC anticodon, it could attach to a(n) ________ mRNA codon.

If a tRNA had an AGC anticodon, it could attach to a(n) ________ mRNA codon.

A) AUG
B) UCG
C) TCG
D) UGA


Answer: B) UCG

Some hormones enter cells via ________.

Some hormones enter cells via ________.

A) exocytosis
B) endocytosis
C) pinocytosis
D) receptor-mediated endocytosis


Answer: D) receptor-mediated endocytosis

Crenation is likely to occur in blood cells in ________.

Crenation is likely to occur in blood cells in ________.

A) an isotonic solution
B) a hypotonic solution
C) a hypertonic solution
D) blood plasma


Answer: C) a hypertonic solution

Extracellular matrix is ________.

Extracellular matrix is ________.

A) composed of strands of actin protein
B) the most abundant extracellular material
C) a type of impermeable cell junction found in epithelia
D) not present in connective tissue


Answer: B) the most abundant extracellular material

A gene can best be defined as ________.

A gene can best be defined as ________.

A) a three-base triplet that specifies a particular amino acid
B) noncoding segments of DNA up to 100,000 nucleotides long
C) a segment of DNA that carries the instructions for one polypeptide chain
D) an RNA messenger that codes for a particular polypeptide


Answer: C) a segment of DNA that carries the instructions for one polypeptide chain

The functions of centrioles include ________.

The functions of centrioles include ________.

A) organizing the mitotic spindle in cell division
B) providing a whiplike beating motion to move substances along cell surfaces
C) serving as the site for ribosomal RNA synthesis
D) producing ATP


Answer: A) organizing the mitotic spindle in cell division

The endomembrane system is ________.

The endomembrane system is ________.

A) a system by which cells are riveted together by desmosomes
B) an interactive system of organelles whose membranes are physically or functionally connected
C) the process by which bacteria took up residence in ancient cells
D) a system of hydrophilic lipid monolayers that surround many cell organelles


Answer: B) an interactive system of organelles whose membranes are physically or functionally connected

Lysosomes ________.

Lysosomes ________.

A) are always used for the cell to "commit suicide"
B) contain acid hydrolases that are potentially dangerous to the cell
C) maintain a highly alkaline internal environment
D) are the major site of protein synthesis


Answer: B) contain acid hydrolases that are potentially dangerous to the cell

The main component of the cytosol is ________.

The main component of the cytosol is ________.

A) proteins
B) sugars
C) salts
D) water


Answer: D) water

Which of the following statements is most correct regarding the intracellular chemical signals known as "second messengers"?

Which of the following statements is most correct regarding the intracellular chemical signals known as "second messengers"?

A) Second messengers act through receptors called K-proteins.
B) Second messengers usually inactivate protein kinase enzymes.
C) Cyclic AMP and calcium may be second messengers.
D) Second messengers usually act to remove nitric oxide (NO) from the cell.


Answer: C) Cyclic AMP and calcium may be second messengers.

Which of the following is a principle of the fluid mosaic model of cell membrane structure?

Which of the following is a principle of the fluid mosaic model of cell membrane structure?

A) Phospholipids form a bilayer that is largely impermeable to water-soluble molecules.
B) Phospholipids consist of a polar head and a nonpolar tail made of three fatty acid chains.
C) The lipid bilayer is a solid at body temperature, thus protecting the cell.
D) All proteins associated with the cell membrane are contained in a fluid layer on the outside of the cell.


Answer: A) Phospholipids form a bilayer that is largely impermeable to water-soluble molecules.

Which of the following does not serve as a signal for cell division?

Which of the following does not serve as a signal for cell division?

A) repressor genes
B) joining of cyclins and Cdks
C) contact inhibition
D) surface-to-volume ratio


Answer: A) repressor genes

Which of the following is a concept of the cell theory?

Which of the following is a concept of the cell theory?

A) Simple cells can arise spontaneously from rotting vegetation.
B) A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms.
C) The subcellular organelle is the basic unit of life.
D) Only higher organisms are composed of cells.


Answer: B) A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms.

In the maintenance of the cell resting membrane potential ________.

In the maintenance of the cell resting membrane potential ________.

A) extracellular sodium levels are high
B) cells are more permeable to Na+ than K+
C) the steady state involves only passive processes in all cells
D) the inside of the cell is positive relative to its outside


Answer: A) extracellular sodium levels are high

Which statement is the most correct regarding transcription/translation?

Which statement is the most correct regarding transcription/translation?

A) The nucleotide sequence in a mRNA codon is an exact copy of the DNA triplet that coded for it.
B) The nucleotide sequence in a mRNA codon is an exact copy of the DNA triplet that coded for it except that uracil is substituted for thymine.
C) The nucleotide sequence in a tRNA anticodon is an exact copy of the DNA triplet that coded for it.
D) The nucleotide sequence in a tRNA anticodon is an exact copy of the DNA triplet that coded for it except that uracil is substituted for thymine.


Answer: D) The nucleotide sequence in a tRNA anticodon is an exact copy of the DNA triplet that coded for it except that uracil is substituted for thymine.

DNA replication ________.

DNA replication ________.

A) can also be called mitosis
B) is spontaneous, not requiring enzyme action
C) takes place during interphase of the cell cycle
D) occurs only in translationally active areas


Answer: C) takes place during interphase of the cell cycle

Peroxisomes ________.

Peroxisomes ________.

A) are also called microbodies, and contain acid hydrolases
B) are able to detoxify substances by enzymatic action
C) function to digest particles ingested by endocytosis
D) sometimes function as secretory vesicles


Answer: B) are able to detoxify substances by enzymatic action

Ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and the Golgi apparatus functionally act in sequence to synthesize and modify proteins for secretory use (export) only, never for use by the cell. This statement is ________.

Ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and the Golgi apparatus functionally act in sequence to synthesize and modify proteins for secretory use (export) only, never for use by the cell. This statement is ________.

A) false, proteins thus manufactured are for use inside the cell only
B) false, integral cell membrane proteins are also synthesized this way
C) false, lipids, not proteins, are synthesized this way
D) true


Answer: B) false integral cell membrane proteins are also synthesized this way

Mitochondria ________.

Mitochondria ________.

A) are always the same shape
B) are single-membrane structures involved in the breakdown of ATP
C) contain some of the DNA and RNA code necessary for their own function
D) synthesize proteins for use outside the cell


Answer: C) contain some of the DNA and RNA code necessary for their own function

Enzymes called _________ destroy the cell's DNA and cytoskeleton, producing a quick death of the cell.

Enzymes called _________ destroy the cell's DNA and cytoskeleton, producing a quick death of the cell.

A) ubiquitins
B) cyclins
C) caspases
D) DNA polymerase III


Answer: C) caspases

Passive membrane transport processes include ________.

Passive membrane transport processes include ________.

A) movement of a substance down its concentration gradient
B) movement of water from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration
C) consumption of ATP
D) the use of transport proteins when moving substances from areas of low to high concentration


Answer: A) movement of a substance down its concentration gradient

Caveolae are closely associated with all but which of the following?

Caveolae are closely associated with all but which of the following?

A) lipid rafts
B) receptors for hormones
C) enzymes involved in cell regulation
D) enzymes involved in cell metabolism


Answer: D) enzymes involved in cell metabolism

Which transport process is the main mechanism for the movement of most macromolecules by body cells?

Which transport process is the main mechanism for the movement of most macromolecules by body cells?

A) phagocytosis
B) pinocytosis
C) receptor-mediated endocytosis
D) secondary active transport


Answer: C) receptor-mediated endocytosis

If the nucleotide or base sequence of the DNA strand used as a template for messenger RNA synthesis is ACGTT, then what would be the sequence of bases in the corresponding mRNA?

If the nucleotide or base sequence of the DNA strand used as a template for messenger RNA synthesis is ACGTT, then what would be the sequence of bases in the corresponding mRNA?

A) TGCAA
B) ACGTT
C) UGCAA
D) GUACC


Answer: C) UGCAA

Which of the following is not a factor that binds cells together?

Which of the following is not a factor that binds cells together?

A) glycoproteins in the glycocalyx
B) glycolipids in the glycocalyx
C) wavy contours of the membranes of adjacent cells
D) special membrane junctions


Answer: B) glycolipids in the glycocalyx

Which of these is an inclusion, not an organelle?

Which of these is an inclusion, not an organelle?

A) melanin
B) lysosome
C) microtubule
D) cilia


Answer: A) melanin

The electron microscope has revealed that one of the components within the cell consists of microtubules arranged to form a hollow tube. This structure is a ________.

The electron microscope has revealed that one of the components within the cell consists of microtubules arranged to form a hollow tube. This structure is a ________.

A) centrosome
B) centriole
C) chromosome
D) ribosome


Answer: B) centriole

Which of the following would not be a constituent of a plasma membrane?

Which of the following would not be a constituent of a plasma membrane?

A) glycolipids
B) messenger RNA
C) glycoproteins
D) phospholipids


Answer: B) messenger RNA

Which of the following statements is correct regarding RNA?

Which of the following statements is correct regarding RNA?

A) Messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA play a role in protein synthesis.
B) If the base sequence of DNA is ATTGCA, the messenger RNA template will be UCCAGU.
C) There is exactly one specific type of mRNA for each amino acid.
D) rRNA is always attached to the rough ER.


Answer: A) Messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA play a role in protein synthesis.

Which of the following is a function of a plasma membrane protein?

Which of the following is a function of a plasma membrane protein?

A) circulating antibody
B) molecular transport through the membrane
C) forms a lipid bilayer
D) oxygen transport


Answer: B) molecular transport through the membrane

Riboswitches are folded RNAs that act as switches to turn protein synthesis on or off in response to _________.

Riboswitches are folded RNAs that act as switches to turn protein synthesis on or off in response to _________.

A) changes in the environment
B) specific tRNAs
C) specific codes from the DNA
D) the presence or absence of ubiquitins


Answer: A) changes in the environment

Once solid material is phagocytized and taken into a vacuole, which of the following statements best describes what happens?

Once solid material is phagocytized and taken into a vacuole, which of the following statements best describes what happens?

A) A ribosome enters the vacuole and uses the amino acids in the "invader" to form new protein.
B) A lysosome combines with the vacuole and digests the enclosed solid material.
C) The vacuole remains separated from the cytoplasm and the solid material persists unchanged.
D) Nitrogen enters the vacuole and "burns" the enclosed solid material.


Answer: B) A lysosome combines with the vacuole and digests the enclosed solid material.

Which of the following is not a subcellular structure?

Which of the following is not a subcellular structure?

A) intercellular material
B) membranes
C) cytoplasm
D) organelles


Answer: A) intercellular material

If cells are placed in a hypertonic solution containing a solute to which the membrane is impermeable, what could happen?

If cells are placed in a hypertonic solution containing a solute to which the membrane is impermeable, what could happen?

A) The cells will swell and ultimately burst.
B) The cells will lose water and shrink.
C) The cells will shrink at first, but will later reach equilibrium with the surrounding solution and return to their original condition.
D) The cells will show no change due to diffusion of both solute and solvent.


Answer: B) The cells will lose water and shrink.

Cell junctions that promote the coordinated activity of cells by physically binding them together into a cell community include all of the following except ________.

Cell junctions that promote the coordinated activity of cells by physically binding them together into a cell community include all of the following except ________.

A) gap junctions
B) desmosomes
C) peroxisomes
D) tight junctions


Answer: C) peroxisomes

Which of the following statements is correct regarding diffusion?

Which of the following statements is correct regarding diffusion?

A) The rate of diffusion is independent of temperature.
B) The greater the concentration of gradient, the faster the rate of diffusion.
C) Molecular weight of a substance does not affect the rate of diffusion.
D) The lower the temperature, the faster the diffusion rate.


Answer: B) The greater the concentration of gradient, the faster the rate of diffusion.

Which structures are fingerlike projections that greatly increase the absorbing surface of cells?

Which structures are fingerlike projections that greatly increase the absorbing surface of cells?

A) stereocilia
B) microvilli
C) cilia
D) flagella


Answer: B) microvilli

Which of these is not a function of the plasma membrane?

Which of these is not a function of the plasma membrane?

A) It is selectively permeable.
B) It prevents potassium ions from leaking out and sodium ions from crossing into the cell.
C) It acts as a site of cell-to-cell interaction and recognition.
D) It encloses the cell contents.


Answer: B) It prevents potassium ions from leaking out and sodium ions from crossing into the cell.

Which of the following describes the plasma membrane?

Which of the following describes the plasma membrane?

A) a single-layered membrane that surrounds the nucleus of the cell
B) a double layer of protein enclosing the plasma
C) the phospholipid bilayer surrounding the cell
D) a membrane composed of tiny shelves or cristae


Answer: C) the phospholipid bilayer surrounding the cell

A red blood cell placed in pure water would ________.

A red blood cell placed in pure water would ________.

A) shrink
B) swell initially, then shrink as equilibrium is reached
C) neither shrink nor swell
D) swell and burst


Answer: D) swell and burst

The RNA responsible for bringing the amino acids to the "factory" site for protein formation is ________.

The RNA responsible for bringing the amino acids to the "factory" site for protein formation is ________.

A) rRNA
B) mRNA
C) tRNA
D) ssRNA


Answer: C) tRNA

In certain kinds of muscle cells, calcium ions are stored in ________.

In certain kinds of muscle cells, calcium ions are stored in ________.

A) the smooth ER
B) the rough ER
C) both smooth and rough ER
D) the cytoplasm


Answer: A) the smooth ER

Which statement best describes transcytosis?

Which statement best describes transcytosis?

A) combining an endosome with a lysosome and degrading or releasing the contents
B) transporting an endosome from one side of a cell to the other and releasing the contents by exocytosis
C) recycling the contents of the endosome back to the surface of the cell
D) storing the contents of the endosome


Answer: B) transporting an endosome from one side of a cell to the other and releasing the contents by exocytosis

Which of the following is true regarding the generation of a membrane potential?

Which of the following is true regarding the generation of a membrane potential?

A) Both potassium and sodium ions can "leak" through the cell membrane due to diffusion.
B) In the polarized state, sodium and potassium ion concentrations are in static equilibrium.
C) The maintenance of the potential is based exclusively on diffusion processes.
D) When the sodium-potassium pump is activated, potassium is pumped into the cell twice as fast as the sodium is pumped out, thus causing the membrane potential.


Answer: A) Both potassium and sodium ions can "leak" through the cell membrane due to diffusion.

Which bonds often bind different parts of a molecule into a specific three-dimensional shape?

Which bonds often bind different parts of a molecule into a specific three-dimensional shape?

A) Carbon
B) Hydrogen
C) Oxygen
D) Amino acid


Answer: B) Hydrogen

Heat shock proteins (hsp) are a type of protein called ________.

Heat shock proteins (hsp) are a type of protein called ________.

A) coenzymes
B) cofactors
C) eicosanoids
D) chaperonins


Answer: D) chaperonins

In a DNA molecule, the phosphate serves ________.

In a DNA molecule, the phosphate serves ________.

A) as a code
B) to hold the molecular backbone together
C) to bind the sugars to their bases
D) as nucleotides


Answer: B) to hold the molecular backbone together

What is the ratio of fatty acids to glycerol in neutral fats?

What is the ratio of fatty acids to glycerol in neutral fats?

A) 1:1
B) 2:1
C) 3:1
D) 4:1


Answer: C) 3:1

Sucrose is a ________.

Sucrose is a ________.

A) monosaccharide
B) disaccharide
C) polysaccharide
D) triglyceride


Answer: B) disaccharide

Which property of water is demonstrated when we sweat?

Which property of water is demonstrated when we sweat?

A) high heat capacity
B) high heat of vaporization
C) polar solvent properties
D) reactivity
E) cushioning


Answer: B) high heat of vaporization

Which of the following is not an electrolyte?

Which of the following is not an electrolyte?

A) HCl
B) Ca2CO3
C) H2O
D) NaOH


Answer: C) H2O

Which of the following is not considered a factor in influencing a reaction?

Which of the following is not considered a factor in influencing a reaction?

A) temperature
B) concentration
C) particle size
D) time


Answer: D) time

Amino acids joining together to make a peptide is a good example of a(n) ________ reaction.

Amino acids joining together to make a peptide is a good example of a(n) ________ reaction. 

A) synthesis
B) decomposition
C) exchange
D) reversible


Answer: A) synthesis

What does CH4 mean?

What does CH4 mean?

A) There is one carbon and four hydrogen atoms.
B) There are four carbon and four hydrogen atoms.
C) This is an inorganic molecule.
D) This was involved in a redox reaction.


Answer: A) There is one carbon and four hydrogen atoms.

What is a dipole?

What is a dipole?

A) a type of bond
B) a polar molecule
C) a type of reaction
D) an organic molecule


Answer: B) a polar molecule

The chemical symbol OO means ________.

The chemical symbol OO means ________.

A) zero equals zero
B) both atoms are bonded and have zero electrons in the outer orbit
C) the atoms are double bonded
D) this is an ionic bond with two shared electrons


Answer: C) the atoms are double bonded

Which of the following is a neutralization reaction?

Which of the following is a neutralization reaction?

A) HCl ? H+ + Cl-
B) NaOH ? Na+ + OH-
C) NH3 + H+ ? NH4+2
D) HCl + NaOH ? NaCl + H2O


Answer: D) HCl + NaOH ? NaCl + H2O

An atom with a valence of 3 may have a total of ________ electrons.

An atom with a valence of 3 may have a total of ________ electrons.

A) 3
B) 8
C) 13
D) 17


Answer: C) 13

Two good examples of a colloid would be Jell-O® and ________.

Two good examples of a colloid would be Jell-O® and ________.

A) blood
B) toenails
C) urine
D) cytosol


Answer: D) cytosol

What does the formula C6H12O6 mean?

What does the formula C6H12O6 mean?

A) There are 6 calcium, 12 hydrogen, and 6 oxygen atoms.
B) There are 12 hydrogen, 6 carbon, and 6 oxygen atoms.
C) The molecular weight is 24.
D) The substance is a colloid.


Answer: B) There are 12 hydrogen, 6 carbon, and 6 oxygen atoms.

If atom X has an atomic number of 74 it would have which of the following?

If atom X has an atomic number of 74 it would have which of the following?

A) 37 protons and 37 neutrons
B) 37 electrons
C) 74 protons
D) 37 protons and 37 electrons


Answer: D) 37 protons and 37 electrons

Which protein types are vitally important to cell function in all types of stressful circumstances?

Which protein types are vitally important to cell function in all types of stressful circumstances?

A) structural proteins
B) molecular chaperones
C) catalytic proteins
D) regulatory proteins


Answer: B) molecular chaperones

Atom X has 17 protons. How many electrons are in its valence shell?

Atom X has 17 protons. How many electrons are in its valence shell?

A) 3
B) 5
C) 7
D) 10


Answer: C) 7

In liquid XYZ, you notice that light is scattered as it passes through. There is no precipitant in the bottom of the beaker, though it has been sitting for several days. What type of liquid is this?

In liquid XYZ, you notice that light is scattered as it passes through. There is no precipitant in the bottom of the beaker, though it has been sitting for several days. What type of liquid is this?

A) solution
B) suspension
C) colloid
D) mixture


Answer: C) colloid

________ is fat soluble, produced in the skin on exposure to UV radiation, and necessary for normal bone growth and function.

________ is fat soluble, produced in the skin on exposure to UV radiation, and necessary for normal bone growth and function.

A) Vitamin K
B) Cortisol
C) Vitamin A
D) Vitamin D


Answer: D) Vitamin D

An example of a coenzyme is ________.

An example of a coenzyme is ________.

A) copper
B) riboflavin (vitamin B2)
C) iron
D) zinc


Answer: B) riboflavin (vitamin B2)

The four elements that make up about 96% of body matter are ________.

The four elements that make up about 96% of body matter are ________.

A) carbon, oxygen, phosphorus, calcium
B) nitrogen, hydrogen, calcium, sodium
C) carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen
D) sodium, potassium, hydrogen, oxygen


Answer: C) carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen

Select the correct statement about isotopes.

Select the correct statement about isotopes.

A) Isotopes of the same element have the same atomic number but differ in their atomic masses.
B) All the isotopes of an element have the same number of neutrons.
C) All the isotopes of an element are radioactive.
D) Isotopes occur only in the heavier elements.


Answer: A) Isotopes of the same element have the same atomic number but differ in their atomic masses.

Which of the following is an example of a suspension?

Which of the following is an example of a suspension?

A) cytoplasm
B) salt water
C) rubbing alcohol
D) blood


Answer: D) blood

Select the most correct statement regarding nucleic acids.

Select the most correct statement regarding nucleic acids.

A) Three forms exist: DNA, RNA, and tDNA.
B) DNA is a long, double-stranded molecule made up of A, T, G, and C bases.
C) RNA is a long, single-stranded molecule made up of the bases A, T, G, and C.
D) TDNA is considered a molecular slave of DNA.


Answer: B) DNA is a long, double-stranded molecule made up of A, T, G, and C bases.

Which of the following does not describe the ATP molecule?

Which of the following does not describe the ATP molecule?

A) chemical work
B) mechanical work
C) transport
D) pigments


Answer: D) pigments

Choose the answer that best describes fibrous proteins.

Choose the answer that best describes fibrous proteins.

A) rarely exhibit secondary structure
B) are very stable and insoluble in water
C) are usually called enzymes
D) are cellular catalysts


Answer: B) are very stable and insoluble in water

What happens in redox reactions?

What happens in redox reactions?

A) both decomposition and electron exchange occur
B) the electron acceptor is oxidized
C) the electron donor is reduced
D) the reaction is always easily reversible


Answer: A) both decomposition and electron exchange occur

Select which reactions will usually be irreversible regarding chemical equilibrium in living systems.

Select which reactions will usually be irreversible regarding chemical equilibrium in living systems.

A) glucose to CO2 and H2O
B) ADP + Pi to make ATP
C) H2O + CO2 to make H2CO3
D) glucose molecules joined to make glycogen


Answer: A) glucose to CO2 and H2O

Choose the answer that best describes HCO3-.

Choose the answer that best describes HCO3-.

A) a bicarbonate ion
B) common in the liver
C) a weak acid
D) a proton donor


Answer: A) a bicarbonate ion

Select the statement about mixtures that is correct.

Select the statement about mixtures that is correct.

A) A solution contains solvent in large amounts and solute in smaller quantities.
B) Solutions contain particles that settle out in time.
C) Suspensions can change reversibly from liquid to solid.
D) Suspensions are homogeneous mixtures of two or more components.


Answer: A) A solution contains solvent in large amounts and solute in smaller quantities.

Which of the following is true regarding the concentration of solutions?

Which of the following is true regarding the concentration of solutions?

A) Percent solutions are parts per 1000 parts.
B) Molarity is one mole of solute per 1000 ml of solution.
C) To calculate molarity, one must know the atomic number of the solute.
D) To calculate molarity, one must know the atomic weight of the solvent.


Answer: B) Molarity is one mole of solute per 1000 ml of solution.

Which of the following statements is false?

Which of the following statements is false?

A) Chemical reactions proceed more quickly at higher temperatures.
B) Chemical reactions progress at a faster rate when the reacting particles are present in higher numbers.
C) Larger particles move faster than smaller ones and thus collide more frequently and more forcefully.
D) Catalysts increase the rate of chemical reactions.


Answer: C) Larger particles move faster than smaller ones and thus collide more frequently and more forcefully.

Which statement about enzymes is false?

Which statement about enzymes is false?

A) Enzymes raise the activation energy needed to start a reaction.
B) Enzymes are composed mostly of protein.
C) Enzymes are organic catalysts.
D) Enzymes may be damaged by high temperature.


Answer: A) Enzymes raise the activation energy needed to start a reaction.

Carbohydrates and proteins are built up from their basic building blocks by the ________.

Carbohydrates and proteins are built up from their basic building blocks by the ________.

A) addition of a water molecule between each two units
B) addition of a carbon atom between each two units
C) removal of a water molecule between each two units
D) removal of a nitrogen atom between each two units


Answer: C) removal of a water molecule between each two units

What level of protein synthesis is represented by the coiling of the protein chain backbone into an alpha helix?

What level of protein synthesis is represented by the coiling of the protein chain backbone into an alpha helix?

A) primary structure
B) secondary structure
C) tertiary structure
D) quaternary structure


Answer: B) secondary structure

Which of the following constitutes a long chain of simple sugars?

Which of the following constitutes a long chain of simple sugars?

A) monosaccharide
B) polysaccharide
C) protein
D) nucleic acid


Answer: B) polysaccharide

What is a chain of 25 amino acids called?

What is a chain of 25 amino acids called?

A) polypeptide
B) nucleotide
C) protein
D) starch


Answer: A) polypeptide

Which of the following would be regarded as an organic molecule?

Which of the following would be regarded as an organic molecule?

A) H2O
B) NaCl
C) NaOH
D) CH4


Answer: D) CH4

Which of the following is the major positive ion outside cells?

Which of the following is the major positive ion outside cells?

A) nitrogen
B) hydrogen
C) potassium
D) sodium


Answer: D) sodium

A solution that has a pH of 2 could best be described as being ________.

A solution that has a pH of 2 could best be described as being ________.

A) acidic
B) basic
C) neutral
D) slightly acidic


Answer: A) acidic

The numbers listed represent the number of electrons in the first, second, and third energy levels, respectively. On this basis, which of the following is an unstable or reactive atom?

The numbers listed represent the number of electrons in the first, second, and third energy levels, respectively. On this basis, which of the following is an unstable or reactive atom?

A) 2, 8, 8
B) 2, 8
C) 2
D) 2, 8, 1


Answer: D) 2, 8, 1

Salts are always ________.

Salts are always ________.

A) ionic compounds
B) single covalent compounds
C) double covalent compounds
D) hydrogen bonded


Answer: A) ionic compounds

A chemical reaction in which bonds are broken is usually associated with ________.

A chemical reaction in which bonds are broken is usually associated with ________.

A) the release of energy
B) the consumption of energy
C) a synthesis
D) forming a larger molecule


Answer: A) the release of energy

Which of the following is not a role of molecular chaperonins?

Which of the following is not a role of molecular chaperonins?

A) prevent accidental, premature, or incorrect folding of polypeptide chains
B) aid the desired folding and association process of polypeptides
C) help to translocate proteins and certain metal ions across cell membranes
D) promote the breakdown of damaged or denatured proteins
E) act as a biological catalyst


Answer: E) act as a biological catalyst

Which of the following describes coenzymes?

Which of the following describes coenzymes?

A) organic molecules derived from vitamins
B) two enzymes that perform the same function
C) metal ions
D) enzymes that work together


Answer: A) organic molecules derived from vitamins

Carbohydrates are stored in the liver and muscles in the form of ________.

Carbohydrates are stored in the liver and muscles in the form of ________.

A) glucose
B) triglycerides
C) glycogen
D) cholesterol


Answer: C) glycogen

The single most abundant protein in the body is ________.

The single most abundant protein in the body is ________.

A) DNA
B) hemoglobin
C) collagen
D) glucose


Answer: C) collagen

Which of the following is not true of proteins?

Which of the following is not true of proteins?

A) They may be denatured or coagulated by heat or acidity.
B) Some types are called enzymes.
C) They appear to be the molecular carriers of the coded hereditary information.
D) Their function depends on the three-dimensional shape.


Answer: C) They appear to be the molecular carriers of the coded hereditary information.

The genetic information is coded in DNA by the ________.

The genetic information is coded in DNA by the ________.

A) regular alteration of sugar and phosphate molecules
B) sequence of the nucleotides
C) three-dimensional structure of the double helix
D) arrangement of the histones


Answer: B) sequence of the nucleotides

In general, the lipids that we refer to as oils have ________.

In general, the lipids that we refer to as oils have ________.

A) a high water content
B) long fatty acid chains
C) a high degree of saturated bonds
D) a high degree of unsaturated bonds


Answer: D) a high degree of unsaturated bonds

Choose the statement that is false or incorrect.

Choose the statement that is false or incorrect.

A) In chemical reactions, breaking old bonds requires energy and forming new bonds releases energy.
B) Exergonic reactions release more energy than they absorb.
C) Endergonic reactions absorb more energy than they release.
D) A key feature of the body's metabolism is the almost exclusive use of exergonic reactions by the body.


Answer: D) A key feature of the body's metabolism is the almost exclusive use of exergonic reactions by the body.

Which of the following elements is necessary for proper conduction of nervous impulses?

Which of the following elements is necessary for proper conduction of nervous impulses?

A) Fe
B) I
C) P
D) Na


Answer: D) Na

Which of the following describes the operation of the heart and blood vessels?

Which of the following describes the operation of the heart and blood vessels?

A) systemic anatomy
B) cardiovascular anatomy
C) systemic physiology
D) cardiovascular physiology


Answer: B) cardiovascular anatomy

Which body cavity protects the nervous system?

Which body cavity protects the nervous system?

A) cranial
B) dorsal
C) vertebral
D) thoracic


Answer: B) dorsal

What is a vertical section through the body dividing it into anterior and posterior regions called?

What is a vertical section through the body dividing it into anterior and posterior regions called?

A) frontal
B) median
C) sagittal
D) transverse,


Answer: A) frontal

What is a vertical section through the body dividing it into left and right, called?

What is a vertical section through the body dividing it into left and right, called?

A) frontal
B) regional
C) sagittal
D) transverse


Answer: C) sagittal

The anatomical position is used ________.

The anatomical position is used ________.

A) rarelybecause people don't usually assume this position
B) as a standard reference point for directional terms regardless of the actual position of the body
C) only when a body is lying down
D) as the most comfortable way to stand when dissecting a specimen


Answer: B) as a standard reference point for directional terms regardless of the actual position of the body

Which of the following are survival needs of the body?

Which of the following are survival needs of the body?

A) nutrients, water, movement, and reproduction
B) nutrients, water, growth, and reproduction
C) water, atmospheric pressure, growth, and movement
D) nutrients, water, atmospheric pressure, and oxygen


Answer: D) nutrients, water, atmospheric pressure, and oxygen

One of the functional characteristics of life is irritability. This refers to ________.

One of the functional characteristics of life is irritability. This refers to ________.

A) indigestible food residues stimulating the excretory system
B) sensing changes in the environment and then reacting or responding to them
C) the nervous system causing all living things to sometimes experience anger
D) the necessity for all organisms to reproduce


Answer: B) sensing changes in the environment and then reacting or responding to them

Select the most correct statement.

Select the most correct statement.

A) The immune system is closely associated with the lymphatic system.
B) Organ systems operate independently of each other to maintain life.
C) The endocrine system is not a true structural organ system.
D) Organ systems can be composed of cells or tissues, but not both.


Answer: A) The immune system is closely associated with the lymphatic system.

The dorsal body cavity is the site of which of the following?

The dorsal body cavity is the site of which of the following?

A) intestines
B) brain
C) lungs
D) liver


Answer: B) brain

The term pollex refers to the ________.

The term pollex refers to the ________.

A) great toe
B) calf
C) fingers
D) thumb


Answer: D) thumb

Subdivisions of anatomy include which of the following?

Subdivisions of anatomy include which of the following?

A) gross, macroscopic, visual, and microscopic
B) gross, regional, dissection, and surface
C) regional, surface, visual, and microscopic
D) gross, regional, systemic, and surface


Answer: D) gross, regional, systemic, and surface

Which of the following statements is the most correct regarding homeostatic imbalance?

Which of the following statements is the most correct regarding homeostatic imbalance?

A) It is considered the cause of most diseases.
B) The internal environment is becoming more stable.
C) Positive feedback mechanisms are overwhelmed.
D) Negative feedback mechanisms are functioning normally.


Answer: A) It is considered the cause of most diseases.

In which abdominopelvic cavity is the stomach located?

In which abdominopelvic cavity is the stomach located?

A) right upper
B) right lower
C) left upper
D) left lower


Answer: C) left upper

Which of these is not part of the dorsal cavity?

Which of these is not part of the dorsal cavity?

A) cranial cavity
B) thoracic cavity
C) spinal cord
D) vertebral cavity


Answer: B) thoracic cavity

Which of the following imaging devices would best localize a tumor in a person's brain?

Which of the following imaging devices would best localize a tumor in a person's brain?

A) X ray
B) DSA
C) PET
D) MRI


Answer: D) MRI

Place the following in correct sequence from simplest to most complex:

Place the following in correct sequence from simplest to most complex:

1. molecules
2. atoms
3. tissues
4. cells
5. organ

A) 1-2-3-4-5
B) 2-1-4-3-5
C) 2-1-3-4-5
D) 1-2-4-3-5



Answer: B) 2-1-4-3-5

Choose the following statement that is not completely correct regarding serous membranes.

Choose the following statement that is not completely correct regarding serous membranes.

A) Serosa are very thin, double-layered structures.
B) Serous membranes are divided into parietal and visceral membranes with a potential space between the two.
C) Visceral pericardium covers the surface of the heart, and parietal pericardium lines the walls of the heart.
D) Serous membranes secrete a watery lubricating fluid.


Answer: C) Visceral pericardium covers the surface of the heart, and parietal pericardium lines the walls of the heart.

In which cavities are the lungs located?

In which cavities are the lungs located?

A) pleural ventral, and thoracic
B) mediastinum, thoracic, and ventral
C) pleural, dorsal, and abdominal
D) pericardial, ventral, and thoracic


Answer: A) pleural, ventral, and thoracic

Homeostasis is the condition in which the body maintains ________.

Homeostasis is the condition in which the body maintains ________.

A) the lowest possible energy usage
B) a relatively stable internal environment, within limits
C) a static state with no deviation from preset points
D) a dynamic state within an unlimited range


Answer: B) a relatively stable internal environment, within limits

Choose the anatomical topic and definition that is not correctly matched.

Choose the anatomical topic and definition that is not correctly matched.

A) Gross anatomy: study of structures visible to the eye.
B) Microscopic anatomy: study of structures too small to be seen by the naked eye.
C) Cytology: study of the structures in a particular region.
D) Embryology: study of the changes in an individual from conception to birth.


Answer: C) Cytology: study of the structures in a particular region.

Which one of the following systems responds to environmental stimuli?

Which one of the following systems responds to environmental stimuli?

A) muscular
B) lymphatic
C) immune
D) nervous


Answer: D) nervous

The parietal pleural would represent a serous membrane ________.

The parietal pleural would represent a serous membrane ________.

A) covering individual lungs
B) lining the thoracic cavity
C) covering the heart
D) lining the abdominal cavity


Answer: B) lining the thoracic cavity

Which of the following organs or structures would be found in the left iliac region?

Which of the following organs or structures would be found in the left iliac region?

A) appendix
B) stomach
C) liver
D) intestines


Answer: D) intestines

Which of the following describes a parasagittal plane?

Which of the following describes a parasagittal plane?

A) a transverse cut just above the knees
B) two cuts dividing the body into left and right halves
C) any sagittal plane except the median
D) any cut dividing the body into anterior and posterior


Answer: C) any sagittal plane except the median

A good example of a positive feedback mechanism would be ________.

A good example of a positive feedback mechanism would be ________.

A) body temperature regulation
B) regulating glucose levels in the blood
C) enhancement of labor contractions
D) blood calcium level regulation


Answer: C) enhancement of labor contractions

The anatomical position is characterized by all of the following except ________.

The anatomical position is characterized by all of the following except ________.

A) body erect
B) arms at sides
C) palms turned posteriorly
D) thumbs pointed laterally


Answer: C) palms turned posteriorly

Which of the following statements is true concerning feedback mechanisms?

Which of the following statements is true concerning feedback mechanisms?

A) Positive feedback mechanisms always result in excessive damage to the host.
B) Negative feedback mechanisms tend to increase the original stimulus.
C) Negative feedback mechanisms work to prevent sudden severe changes within the body.
D) Blood glucose levels are regulated by positive feedback mechanisms.


Answer: C) Negative feedback mechanisms work to prevent sudden severe changes within the body.

What is the posterior side of the patella called?

What is the posterior side of the patella called?

A) sural
B) crural
C) antecubital
D) popliteal


Answer: D) popliteal

The single most abundant chemical substance of the body, accounting for 60% to 80% of body weight, is ________.

The single most abundant chemical substance of the body, accounting for 60% to 80% of body weight, is ________.

A) oxygen
B) protein
C) water
D) hydrogen


Answer: C) water

Which term means toward or at the back of the body, behind?

Which term means toward or at the back of the body, behind?

A) anterior
B) lateral
C) distal
D) dorsal


Answer: D) dorsal

Which of the following would not be a functional characteristic of life?

Which of the following would not be a functional characteristic of life?

A) movement
B) responsiveness to external stimuli
C) maintenance of boundaries
D) decay


Answer: D) decay

________ cavities are spaces within joints.

________ cavities are spaces within joints. 

A) Nasal
B) Synovial
C) Orbital
D) Oral


Answer: B) Synovial

A structure that is composed of two or more tissues would be a(n) ________.

A structure that is composed of two or more tissues would be a(n) ________.

A) complex tissue
B) organ system
C) organ
D) complex cell


Answer: C) organ

The cavities housing the eyes are called __________ cavities.

The cavities housing the eyes are called __________ cavities.

A) frontal
B) cranial
C) nasal
D) orbital


Answer: D) orbital

The heart lies in the ________ cavity.

The heart lies in the ________ cavity.

A) superior mediastinal
B) pleural
C) dorsal
D) pericardial


Answer: D) pericardial

An oblique cut is one that is cut ________.

An oblique cut is one that is cut ________.

A) horizontal right and left
B) diagonally between the vertical and horizontal
C) vertical right and left
D) perpendicular to vertical and horizontal


Answer: B) diagonally between the vertical and horizontal

What is the specific name for the hip region?

What is the specific name for the hip region?

A) manus
B) inguinal
C) pedal
D) coxal


Answer: D) coxal

What is the main, general purpose of negative feedback?

What is the main, general purpose of negative feedback?

A) to control all body system tissues
B) to maintain homeostasis
C) to keep the body's sugar high
D) to regulate excretion


Answer: B) to maintain homeostasis

If you consider your home air conditioner in terms of homeostasis, then the wall thermostat would be the ________.

If you consider your home air conditioner in terms of homeostasis, then the wall thermostat would be the ________.

A) control center
B) receptor
C) effector
D) variable


Answer: A) control center

Average body temperature is ________ degrees centigrade.

Average body temperature is ________ degrees centigrade.

A) 98
B) 68
C) 47
D) 37


Answer: D) 37

An increased rate of breathing as a result of an increased buildup of carbon dioxide in the bloodstream would be best described as an example of ________.

An increased rate of breathing as a result of an increased buildup of carbon dioxide in the bloodstream would be best described as an example of ________.

A) maintaining boundaries
B) excretion of metabolic waste
C) responsiveness
D) metabolism


Answer: B) excretion of metabolic waste

The study of the heart may incorporate many aspects of anatomy but as a whole you would say it is __________ anatomy.

The study of the heart may incorporate many aspects of anatomy but as a whole you would say it is __________ anatomy.

A) microscopic
B) gross
C) developmental
D) systemic

Answer: B) gross

Histology would be best defined as a study of ________.

Histology would be best defined as a study of ________.

A) cells
B) tissues
C) cell chemistry
D) the gross structures of the body


Answer: B) tissues