Testosterone, progesterone and estrogen are all derived from

Testosterone, progesterone and estrogen are all derived from 

A. Androstenedione
B. androgen
C. cholesterol
D. estrone
E. 17 alpha-hydroxylase



Answer: C

Because the majority of active transport and reabsorption of solutes (eg. glucose, water) occurs here, the _________ of all the nephrons collectively account for about 6% of one's daily resting ATP and caloric consumption.

Because the majority of active transport and reabsorption of solutes (eg. glucose, water) occurs here, the _________ of all the nephrons collectively account for about 6% of one's daily resting ATP and caloric consumption. 

A. proximal convoluted tubules
B. distal convoluted tubules
C. loops of Henle
D. collecting ducts
E. glomeruli



Answer: A. proximal convoluted tubules

Proteins are chemically digested using

Proteins are chemically digested using 

A. HCl, pepsin, trypsin, and peptidases
B. HCl, gastrin, lipase, and peptidases
C. Secretin, HCl, amylase, and lipase
D. Serotonin, gastrin, histamine, and acetylcholine
E. Bile, amylase, pepsin, and trypsin



Answer: A. HCl, pepsin, trypsin, and peptidases

Total saturation of protein transporters for a given solute in the renal tubules would result in

Total saturation of protein transporters for a given solute in the renal tubules would result in 

A. reabsorption of all the solute.
B. a renal clearance of zero.
C. a net filtration pressure of 1.0.
D. appearance of that solute in the urine.
E. absence of that solute from the urine.


Answer: D. appearance of that solute in the urine.

Atrial natriuretic peptide reduces blood volume and pressure by

Atrial natriuretic peptide reduces blood volume and pressure by 

A. decreasing glomerular filtration rate.
B. activating renin and aldosterone secretion.
C. stimulating the action of ADH on the kidney.
D. enhancing sodium loss in the urine.
E. enhancing NaCl reabsorption by the collecting duct.



Answer: D. enhancing sodium loss in the urine.

_________ is a hormone, whereas ________________ is an enzyme.

_________ is a hormone, whereas ________________ is an enzyme. 

A. Enterokinase; pepsin
B. Serotonin; somatostatin
C. Gastrin; cholecystokinin (CCK)
D. Histamine; gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)
E. Secretin; pepsin



Answer: E. Secretin; pepsin

__________ transport lipids to the surface of the intestinal absorptive cells, which then process them into _________________.

__________ transport lipids to the surface of the intestinal absorptive cells, which then process them into _________________. 

A. Fat droplets; micelles
B. Fat droplets; chylomicrons
C. Micelles; fat globules
D. Micelles; chylomicrons
E. Fat globules; micelles


Answer: D. Micelles; chylomicrons

Of the following components of bile, only _____________ has/have a digestive function.

Of the following components of bile, only _____________ has/have a digestive function. 

A. bile salts
B. bilirubin
C. cholesterol
D. phospholipids
E. neutral fats



Answer: A. bile salts

During the absorptive state

During the absorptive state 

A. the principal regulatory hormone is glucagon.
B. blood glucose falls.
C. fatty acids are oxidized for fuel.
D. lipolysis is active.
E. gluconeogenesis is suppressed.


Answer: E. gluconeogenesis is suppressed.

Because the majority of active transport and reabsorption of solutes (eg. glucose, water) occurs here, the _________ of all the nephrons collectively account for about 6% of one's daily resting ATP and caloric consumption.

Because the majority of active transport and reabsorption of solutes (eg. glucose, water) occurs here, the _________ of all the nephrons collectively account for about 6% of one's daily resting ATP and caloric consumption. 

A. proximal convoluted tubules
B. distal convoluted tubules
C. loops of Henle
D. collecting ducts
E. glomeruli


Answer:

A. proximal convoluted tubules During the absorptive state
A. the principal regulatory hormone is glucagon.
B. blood glucose falls.
C. fatty acids are oxidized for fuel.
D. lipolysis is active.
E. gluconeogenesis is suppressed.

_________ is secreted during the postabsorptive state.

_________ is secreted during the postabsorptive state. 

A. Glucagon
B. Cholecystokinin (CCK)
C. Gastrin
D. Insulin
E. Secretin


Answer: A. Glucagon

Which of the following would increase the glomerular filtration rate?

Which of the following would increase the glomerular filtration rate? 

A. vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole
B. a rise in oncotic pressure
C. vasodilation of the efferent arteriole
D. vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole
E. a decrease in hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus



Answer: A. vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole

Most protein in the body is found in

Most protein in the body is found in 

A. the skeletal system.
B. the muscular system.
C. the cardiovascular system.
D. the integumentary system.
E. the lymphatic system.



Answer: B. the muscular system.

Normal urine from a healthy person can be expected to contain all of the following except

Normal urine from a healthy person can be expected to contain all of the following except 

A. creatinine
B. urobilin
C. glucose
D. ammonia
E. magnesium



Answer: C. glucose

Pancreatic enzymes are secreted in response to the hormone

Pancreatic enzymes are secreted in response to the hormone 

A. insulin.
B. cholecystokinin (CCK).
C. secretin.
D. glucagon.
E. gastrin.



Answer: B. cholecystokinin (CCK).

________ is a product of glycolysis.

________ is a product of glycolysis. 

A. Glucose
B. Carbon dioxide
C. Lactic acid
D. Pyruvic acid
E. oxaloacetate



Answer: D. Pyruvic acid

The small intestine has a very large absorptive surface associated with all these structures except

The small intestine has a very large absorptive surface associated with all these structures except 

A. circular folds (plicae circulares).
B. intestinal length.
C. microvilli.
D. villi.
E. rugae.



Answer: E. rugae.

Total saturation of protein transporters for a given solute in the renal tubules would result in

Total saturation of protein transporters for a given solute in the renal tubules would result in 

A. reabsorption of all the solute.
B. a renal clearance of zero.
C. a net filtration pressure of 1.0.
D. appearance of that solute in the urine.
E. absence of that solute from the urine.



Answer: D. appearance of that solute in the urine.

The _______ is impermeable to water reabsorption.

The _______ is impermeable to water reabsorption. 

A. thin segment of the loop of Henle
B. thick segment of the loop of Henle
C. proximal convoluted tubule
D. distal convoluted tubule
E. collecting duct



Answer: B. thick segment of the loop of Henle

Proteins are chemically digested using

Proteins are chemically digested using 

A. HCl, pepsin, trypsin, and peptidases
B. HCl, gastrin, lipase, and peptidases
C. Secretin, HCl, amylase, and lipase
D. Serotonin, gastrin, histamine, and acetylcholine
E. Bile, amylase, pepsin, and trypsin


Answer: A. HCl, pepsin, trypsin, and peptidases

_______ regulate GFR via the afferent arteriole, while __________ wrap around the capillaries of the glomerulus to control filtration?

_______ regulate GFR via the afferent arteriole, while __________ wrap around the capillaries of the glomerulus to control filtration? 

A. Macula densa cells; monocytes
B. Mesangial cells; macula densa cells
C. Juxtaglomerular cells; podocytes
D. Podocytes; cuboidal cells
E. Nephrocytes; hepatocytes



Answer: C. Juxtaglomerular cells; podocytes

Defecation is stimulated by

Defecation is stimulated by 

A. the chemical composition of the feces.
B. bacterial flora in the feces.
C. water content of the feces.
D. lipid content in the feces.
E. stretching of the rectum.



Answer: E. stretching of the rectum.

Which is the healthiest ratio?

Which is the healthiest ratio? 

A. high LDL: low chylomicron
B. high HDL: low LDL
C. high LDL: low HDL
D. high chylomicron: low LDL
E. high SFA: low HDL


Answer: B. high HDL: low LDL

The ___________ regulates digestive tract motility, secretion, and blood flow, and its neurons are found in the ____________.

The ___________ regulates digestive tract motility, secretion, and blood flow, and its neurons are found in the ____________. 

A. autonomic nervous system; serosa
B. central nervous system; muscularis externa and muscularis mucosae
C. enteric nervous system; submucosa and muscularis externa
D. visceral sensory division; muscularis externa and submucosa
E. visceral motor division; mucosa and submucosa



Answer: C. enteric nervous system; submucosa and muscularis externa

Which is not a function of the kidneys?

Which is not a function of the kidneys? 

A. They regulate osmolarity of the body fluids.
B. They fight osteoporosis by synthesizing vitamin D.
C. They help control blood pressure.
D. They release waste into the bloodstream.
E. They indirectly increase oxyhemoglobin.


Answer: D. They release waste into the bloodstream.

Anti-diuretic hormone acts on

Anti-diuretic hormone acts on 

A. the proximal convoluted tubule.
B. the medullary portion of the collecting duct.
C. the descending limb of the nephron loop.
D. the distal convoluted tubule.
E. the glomerulus.



Answer: D. the distal convoluted tubule.

The first step in using amino acids as fuel is to _____________ them.

The first step in using amino acids as fuel is to _____________ them. 

A. transaminate
B. digest
C. deaminate
D. synthesize
E. aminate



Answer: C. deaminate

The TMR is NOT influenced by

The TMR is NOT influenced by 

A. age
B. gender
C. surface area
D. hormones
E. water consumption


Answer: E. water consumption

_________ break(s) down _______________.

_________ break(s) down _______________. 

A. Lactase; glucose
B. Peptidases; proteins
C. Lipases; micelles
D. Lactose; lactase
E. Nucleases; nucleotides


Answer: B. Peptidases; proteins

Incomplete fatty acid oxidation produces ____________, whereas complete oxidation produces ____________.

Incomplete fatty acid oxidation produces ____________, whereas complete oxidation produces ____________. 

A. triglycerides; keto acids
B. acetyl-CoA; glycerol
C. pyruvic acid; glucose
D. glycerol; acetyl CoA
E. ketone bodies; acetyl CoA



Answer: E. ketone bodies; acetyl CoA

Hydrochloric acid is produced by ___________, stimulated by ________, _______, and _________.

Hydrochloric acid is produced by ___________, stimulated by ________, _______, and _________. 

A. chief cells; gastrin, histamine and secretin
B. chief cells; gastrin, histamine and acetylcholine
C. parietal cells; acetylcholine, histamine, and serotonin
D. parietal cells; gastrin, histamine, and acetylcholine
E. enteroendocrine cells; serotonin, leptin, and cholecystokinin


Answer: D. parietal cells; gastrin, histamine, and acetylcholine

GFR is detected by the ______________ and can be altered by the actions of the _________________.

GFR is detected by the ______________ and can be altered by the actions of the _________________. 

A. Macula densa; mesangial cells
B. Juxtaglomerular cells; macula densa
C. Macula densa; juxtaglomerular cells
D. Mesangial cells; juxtaglomerular cells
E. Mesangial cells; podocytes


Answer: C. Macula densa; juxtaglomerular cells

__________ constitute the so-called "bad cholesterol."

__________ constitute the so-called "bad cholesterol." 

A. Triglycerides
B. Chylomicrons
C. Low-density lipoproteins
D. High-density lipoproteins
E. Very-low-density lipoproteins


Answer: C. Low-density lipoproteins

_____ are short term regulators of appetite, whereas ______________ is a long-term regulator.

_____ are short term regulators of appetite, whereas ______________ is a long-term regulator. 

A. Peptide YY (PYY) and cholecystokinin (CCK); insulin
B. Insulin and cholecystokinin (CCK); peptide YY (PYY)
C. Leptin and insulin; peptide YY (PYY)
D. Peptide YY (PYY) and insulin; cholecystokinin (CCK)
E. Leptin and insulin; cholecystokinin (CCK)



Answer: A. Peptide YY (PYY) and cholecystokinin (CCK); insulin

During the absorptive state

During the absorptive state 

A. the principal regulatory hormone is glucagon.
B. blood glucose falls.
C. fatty acids are oxidized for fuel.
D. lipolysis is active.
E. gluconeogenesis is suppressed.



Answer: E. gluconeogenesis is suppressed

In the fast block to polyspermy, binding of sperm opens up _________ channels, which depolarizes the egg membrane and _________.

In the fast block to polyspermy, binding of sperm opens up _________ channels, which depolarizes the egg membrane and _________. 

A. Ca2+; prevents the entrance of any more sperm
B. Ca2+; prevents the entrance of more Na+
C. Na+; prevents the entrance of more Na+
D. Na+; prevents the entrance of any more sperm
E. Na+; prevents the entrance of Ca2+


Answer: D. Na+; prevents the entrance of any more sperm

______ is secreted during the postabsorptive state.

______ is secreted during the postabsorptive state. 

A. Glucagon
B. Cholecystokinin (CCK)
C. Gastrin
D. Insulin
E. Secretin


Answer: A. Glucagon

Most protein in the body is found in

Most protein in the body is found in 

A. the skeletal system.
B. the muscular system.
C. the cardiovascular system.
D. the integumentary system.
E. the lymphatic system.


Answer: B. the muscular system.

Proteins can buffer a drop in pH by their _____ side groups and can buffer an increase in pH by their _____ side groups.

Proteins can buffer a drop in pH by their _____ side groups and can buffer an increase in pH by their _____ side groups. 

A. -NH2; -PO4
B. -PO4; -COOH
C. -NH2; -COOH
D. -COOH; -NH2
E. -PO4; -NH2


Answer: C. -NH2; -COOH

______ is a product of glycolysis.

______ is a product of glycolysis. 

A. Glucose
B. Carbon dioxide
C. Lactic acid
D. Pyruvic acid
E. oxaloacetate


Answer: D. Pyruvic acid

Which is the healthiest ratio?

Which is the healthiest ratio? 

A. high LDL: low chylomicron
B. high HDL: low LDL
C. high LDL: low HDL
D. high chylomicron: low LDL E. high SFA: low HDL



Answer: B. high HDL: low LDL

In fetal circulation, blood bypasses the lungs by flowing through

In fetal circulation, blood bypasses the lungs by flowing through 

A. the foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus.
B. the ligamentum venosum and ligamentum arteriosum.
C. the fossa ovalis and umbilical arteries and vein.
D. the ductus venosus and ductus arteriosus.
E. the umbilical vein and umbilical arteries.


Answer: A. the foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus.

Fluid intake is governed mainly by hypothalamic neurons called

Fluid intake is governed mainly by hypothalamic neurons called 

A. proprioceptors.
B. osmoreceptors.
C. baroreceptors.
D. nociceptors.
E. mechanoreceptors.



Answer: B. osmoreceptors.

The major chemical buffers systems of the body are the ___ systems.

The major chemical buffers systems of the body are the ___ systems. 

A. bicarbonate, nucleic acids, and protein
B. bicarbonate, phosphate, and nitrate
C. urinary and respiratory
D. bicarbonate, phosphate, and protein
E. urinary and digestive



Answer: D. bicarbonate, phosphate, and protein

Primary germ layers are formed during

Primary germ layers are formed during 

A. implantation.
B. gastrulation.
C. cleavage.
D. conception.
E. organogenesis.



Answer: B. gastrulation.

In acidosis, the membrane potential of nerve cells is ___, which ___ the central nervous system.

In acidosis, the membrane potential of nerve cells is ___, which ___ the central nervous system. 

A. repolarized; inhibits
B. hyperpolarized; depresses
C. depolarized; depresses
D. depolarized; stimulates
E. hyperpolarized; stimulates


B. hyperpolarized; depresses

Mesenchyme (from the mesoderm) gives rise to

Mesenchyme (from the mesoderm) gives rise to 

A. reproductive and urinary systems.
B. the integumentary system and exocrine glands.
C. muscle, bone, and blood.
D. digestive organs and endocrine glands.
E. nervous tissue.


Answer: C. muscle, bone, and blood.

The developing individual is called a(n) ___________ during most of the first 2 weeks, a(n) _____________ from 3 through 8 weeks, and a(n) ____________ from the beginning of week 9 until birth.

The developing individual is called a(n) ___________ during most of the first 2 weeks, a(n) _____________ from 3 through 8 weeks, and a(n) ____________ from the beginning of week 9 until birth. 

A. zygote; embryo; blastocyst
B. zygote; blastocyst; embryo
C. blastocyst; fetus; embryo
D. blastocyst; embryo; fetus
E. embryo; blastocyst; fetus



Answer: D. blastocyst; embryo; fetus

The first step in using amino acids as fuel is to _____________ them.

The first step in using amino acids as fuel is to _____________ them. 

A. transaminate
B. digest
C. deaminate
D. synthesize
E. aminate


Answer: C. deaminate

The TMR is NOT influenced by

The TMR is NOT influenced by 

A. age
B. gender
C. surface area
D. hormones
E. water consumption



Answer: E. Water consumption

Hemorrhages

Hemorrhages 

A. decrease body water but increase osmolarity.
B. increase ECF volume but decrease ICF volume.
C. decrease body water but do not significantly affect osmolarity.
D. decrease body water and decrease osmolarity.
E. decrease ECF volume but increase ICF volume.


Answer: C. decrease body water but do not significantly affect osmolarity.

Calcium concentration is regulated by

Calcium concentration is regulated by 

A. hormones.
B. sodium and calcium concentration in plasma.
C. chloride and phosphate concentration in plasma.
D. the parasympathetic nervous system.
E. the sympathetic nervous system.


Answer: A. hormones

__________ constitute the so-called "bad cholesterol."

__________ constitute the so-called "bad cholesterol." 

A. Triglycerides
B. Chylomicrons
C. Low-density lipoproteins
D. High-density lipoproteins
E. Very-low-density lipoproteins


Answer: C. Low-density lipoproteins

________ are short term regulators of appetite, whereas ______________ is a long- term regulator.

________ are short term regulators of appetite, whereas ______________ is a long- term regulator. 

A. Peptide YY (PYY) and cholecystokinin (CCK); insulin
B. Insulin and cholecystokinin (CCK); peptide YY (PYY)
C. Leptin and insulin; peptide YY (PYY)
D. Peptide YY (PYY) and insulin; cholecystokinin (CCK)
E. Leptin and insulin; cholecystokinin (CCK)


Answer: A. Peptide YY (PYY) and cholecystokinin (CCK); insulin

The _________________ provides fetal nutrition and secretes hormones that regulate pregnancy and fetal development.

The _________________ provides fetal nutrition and secretes hormones that regulate pregnancy and fetal development. 

A. uterus
B. myometrium
C. endometrium
D. blastocyst
E. placenta


Answer: E. Placenta

Incomplete fatty acid oxidation produces ____________, whereas complete oxidation produces ____________.

Incomplete fatty acid oxidation produces ____________, whereas complete oxidation produces ____________. 

A. triglycerides; keto acids
B. acetyl-CoA; glycerol
C. pyruvic acid; glucose
D. glycerol; acetyl CoA
E. ketone bodies; acetyl CoA


Answer: E. Ketone Bodies; acetyl CoA

What protein(s) is/are the most important buffer(s) in erythrocytes?

What protein(s) is/are the most important buffer(s) in erythrocytes? 

A. albumin
B. fibrinogen
C. gamma globulins
D. hemoglobin
E. myoglobin



Answer: D. hemoglobin

What protein(s) is/are the most important buffer(s) in blood plasma?

What protein(s) is/are the most important buffer(s) in blood plasma? 

A. alpha globulins
B. fibrinogen
C. gamma globulins
D. transferrin
E. albumin


Answer: E. Albumin

During implantation, the trophoblast divides into two layers. The innermost layer, the _________, becomes the chorionic villi, and an outermost layer, the ___________, which forms the decidua basalis and main placental tissue.

During implantation, the trophoblast divides into two layers. The innermost layer, the _________, becomes the chorionic villi, and an outermost layer, the ___________, which forms the decidua basalis and main placental tissue. 

A. chorion; amnion
B. chorion; embryoblast
C. syncytiotrophoblast; cytotrophoblast
D. cytotrophoblast; syncytiotrophoblast
E. embryoblast; amnion


Answer: D. cytotrophoblast; syncytiotrophoblast

Lactation is stimulated and enhanced by ______________ and the release of ____________.

Lactation is stimulated and enhanced by ______________ and the release of ____________. 

A. labor; testosterone.
B. suckling; estrogen.
C. suckling; prolactin.
D. parturition; prolactin.
E. parturition; progesterone.


Answer: C. sucking; prolactin

In early pregnancy, ____________ stimulates growth of the corpus luteum.

In early pregnancy, ____________ stimulates growth of the corpus luteum. 

A. human chorionic gonadotropin
B. follicle-stimulating hormone
C. human chorionic somatomammotropin
D. adrenocorticotropic hormone
E. progesterone


Answer: A. human chorionic gonadotropin

Which of the following major events of prenatal development happens first?

Which of the following major events of prenatal development happens first? 

A. the eyes are fully open
B. meconium accumulates in the intestines
C. bone calcification begins
D. the body is covered with lanugo
E. the central nervous system begins to form


Answer: E. the central nervous system begins to form

Hypernatremia tends to cause all of the following except

Hypernatremia tends to cause all of the following except 

A. edema.
B. water retention.
C. interstitial fluid accumulation.
D. a reduction in plasma volume.
E. hypertension.



Answer: D. a reduction in plasma volume

Chronic vomiting can lead to

Chronic vomiting can lead to 

A. metabolic alkalosis.
B. metabolic acidosis.
C. respiratory acidosis.
D. lymphatic alkalosis.
E. respiratory alkalosis.



Answer: A.metabolic alkalosis

Anatomy Multiple Choice Questions And Answers

Chronic vomiting can lead to 

A. metabolic alkalosis.
B. metabolic acidosis.
C. respiratory acidosis.
D. lymphatic alkalosis.
E. respiratory alkalosis.

Answer: A.metabolic alkalosis

Hypernatremia tends to cause all of the following except 

A. edema.
B. water retention.
C. interstitial fluid accumulation.
D. a reduction in plasma volume.
E. hypertension.

Answer: D. a reduction in plasma volume

Which of the following major events of prenatal development happens first? 

A. the eyes are fully open
B. meconium accumulates in the intestines
C. bone calcification begins
D. the body is covered with lanugo
E. the central nervous system begins to form

Answer: E. the central nervous system begins to form

In early pregnancy, ____________ stimulates growth of the corpus luteum. 

A. human chorionic gonadotropin
B. follicle-stimulating hormone
C. human chorionic somatomammotropin
D. adrenocorticotropic hormone
E. progesterone

Answer: A. human chorionic gonadotropin

Lactation is stimulated and enhanced by ______________ and the release of ____________. 

A. labor; testosterone.
B. suckling; estrogen.
C. suckling; prolactin.
D. parturition; prolactin.
E. parturition; progesterone.

Answer: C. sucking; prolactin

During implantation, the trophoblast divides into two layers. The innermost layer, the _________, becomes the chorionic villi, and an outermost layer, the ___________, which forms the decidua basalis and main placental tissue. 

A. chorion; amnion
B. chorion; embryoblast
C. syncytiotrophoblast; cytotrophoblast
D. cytotrophoblast; syncytiotrophoblast
E. embryoblast; amnion

Answer: D. cytotrophoblast; syncytiotrophoblast

What protein(s) is/are the most important buffer(s) in blood plasma? 

A. alpha globulins
B. fibrinogen
C. gamma globulins
D. transferrin
E. albumin

Answer: E. Albumin

What protein(s) is/are the most important buffer(s) in erythrocytes? 

A. albumin
B. fibrinogen
C. gamma globulins
D. hemoglobin
E. myoglobin

Answer: D. hemoglobin

Incomplete fatty acid oxidation produces ____________, whereas complete oxidation produces ____________. 

A. triglycerides; keto acids
B. acetyl-CoA; glycerol
C. pyruvic acid; glucose
D. glycerol; acetyl CoA
E. ketone bodies; acetyl CoA

Answer: E. Ketone Bodies; acetyl CoA

The _________________ provides fetal nutrition and secretes hormones that regulate pregnancy and fetal development. 

A. uterus
B. myometrium
C. endometrium
D. blastocyst
E. placenta

Answer: E. Placenta

___________ are short term regulators of appetite, whereas ______________ is a long- term regulator. 

A. Peptide YY (PYY) and cholecystokinin (CCK); insulin
B. Insulin and cholecystokinin (CCK); peptide YY (PYY)
C. Leptin and insulin; peptide YY (PYY)
D. Peptide YY (PYY) and insulin; cholecystokinin (CCK)
E. Leptin and insulin; cholecystokinin (CCK)

Answer: A. Peptide YY (PYY) and cholecystokinin (CCK); insulin

______________ constitute the so-called "bad cholesterol." 

A. Triglycerides
B. Chylomicrons
C. Low-density lipoproteins
D. High-density lipoproteins
E. Very-low-density lipoproteins

Answer: C. Low-density lipoproteins

Calcium concentration is regulated by 

A. hormones.
B. sodium and calcium concentration in plasma.
C. chloride and phosphate concentration in plasma.
D. the parasympathetic nervous system.
E. the sympathetic nervous system.

Answer: A. hormones

Hemorrhages 

A. decrease body water but increase osmolarity.
B. increase ECF volume but decrease ICF volume.
C. decrease body water but do not significantly affect osmolarity.
D. decrease body water and decrease osmolarity.
E. decrease ECF volume but increase ICF volume.

Answer: C. decrease body water but do not significantly affect osmolarity.

The TMR is NOT influenced by

A. age
B. gender
C. surface area
D. hormones
E. water consumption

Answer: E. Water consumption

The first step in using amino acids as fuel is to _____________ them. 

A. transaminate
B. digest
C. deaminate
D. synthesize
E. aminate

Answer: C. deaminate

The developing individual is called a(n) ___________ during most of the first 2 weeks, a(n) _____________ from 3 through 8 weeks, and a(n) ____________ from the beginning of week 9 until birth. 

A. zygote; embryo; blastocyst
B. zygote; blastocyst; embryo
C. blastocyst; fetus; embryo
D. blastocyst; embryo; fetus
E. embryo; blastocyst; fetus

Answer: D. blastocyst; embryo; fetus

Mesenchyme (from the mesoderm) gives rise to 

A. reproductive and urinary systems.
B. the integumentary system and exocrine glands.
C. muscle, bone, and blood.
D. digestive organs and endocrine glands.
E. nervous tissue.

Answer: C. muscle, bone, and blood.

In acidosis, the membrane potential of nerve cells is ___, which ___ the central nervous system. 

A. repolarized; inhibits
B. hyperpolarized; depresses
C. depolarized; depresses
D. depolarized; stimulates
E. hyperpolarized; stimulates

Answer: B. hyperpolarized; depresses

Primary germ layers are formed during 

A. implantation.
B. gastrulation.
C. cleavage.
D. conception.
E. organogenesis.

Answer: B. gastrulation.

The major chemical buffers systems of the body are the ___ systems. 

A. bicarbonate, nucleic acids, and protein
B. bicarbonate, phosphate, and nitrate
C. urinary and respiratory
D. bicarbonate, phosphate, and protein
E. urinary and digestive

Answer: D. bicarbonate, phosphate, and protein

Fluid intake is governed mainly by hypothalamic neurons called 

A. proprioceptors.
B. osmoreceptors.
C. baroreceptors.
D. nociceptors.
E. mechanoreceptors.

Answer: B. osmoreceptors.

In fetal circulation, blood bypasses the lungs by flowing through 

A. the foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus.
B. the ligamentum venosum and ligamentum arteriosum.
C. the fossa ovalis and umbilical arteries and vein.
D. the ductus venosus and ductus arteriosus.
E. the umbilical vein and umbilical arteries.

Answer: A. the foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus.

Which is the healthiest ratio? 

A. high LDL: low chylomicron
B. high HDL: low LDL
C. high LDL: low HDL
D. high chylomicron: low LDL
E. high SFA: low HDL

Answer: B. high HDL: low LDL

____________ is a product of glycolysis. 

A. Glucose
B. Carbon dioxide
C. Lactic acid
D. Pyruvic acid
E. oxaloacetate

Answer: D. Pyruvic acid

Proteins can buffer a drop in pH by their _____ side groups and can buffer an increase in pH by their _____ side groups. 

A. -NH2; -PO4
B. -PO4; -COOH
C. -NH2; -COOH
D. -COOH; -NH2
E. -PO4; -NH2

Answer: C. -NH2; -COOH

Most protein in the body is found in 

A. the skeletal system.
B. the muscular system.
C. the cardiovascular system.
D. the integumentary system.
E. the lymphatic system.

Answer: B. the muscular system.

____________ is secreted during the postabsorptive state. 

A. Glucagon
B. Cholecystokinin (CCK)
C. Gastrin
D. Insulin
E. Secretin

Answer: A. Glucagon

In the fast block to polyspermy, binding of sperm opens up _________ channels, which depolarizes the egg membrane and _________. 

A. Ca2+; prevents the entrance of any more sperm
B. Ca2+; prevents the entrance of more Na+
C. Na+; prevents the entrance of more Na+
D. Na+; prevents the entrance of any more sperm
E. Na+; prevents the entrance of Ca2+

Answer: D. Na+; prevents the entrance of any more sperm

During the absorptive state 

A. the principal regulatory hormone is glucagon.
B. blood glucose falls.
C. fatty acids are oxidized for fuel.
D. lipolysis is active.
E. gluconeogenesis is suppressed.

Answer: E. gluconeogenesis is suppressed