What is an episiotomy?

What is an episiotomy?



Answer: cutting posterior vaginal wall and perineum to allow more space (normally doctors allow this to happen on their own)

Describe the three stages of childbirth:

Describe the three stages of childbirth:



Answer:

1) cervical dilation - cervix dilates to 10cm, takes 6-12 hours, contractions last 20 seconds, thirty minutes apart, then 90 seconds apart and last for a minute

2) expulsion - starts with head in the birth canal, ends with birth, the posterior facing fetus is easiest, typically 2 hours

3) Afterbirth - the passing of placenta and associated membranes, beings postpartum period

Pregnancy and Oxygen needs :

Pregnancy and Oxygen needs :



Answer: increased by %50, expanding uterus pushes diaphragm upwards and causes less air to be inhaled, nasal congestions and nose bleeds more common

What happens during weeks 4-12 of pregnancy?

What happens during weeks 4-12 of pregnancy?



Answer: placenta takes over feeding the embryo, nutrients are exchanged through villi (via the chorionic membrane) , if mothers blood got into amniotic cavity, baby would be killed by mothers T cells,

What is the amnion?

What is the amnion?




Answer:

the area in the amniotic cavity where the embryo / fetus live
it allows for movement, protects against trauma, and protects against rapid temperature change

What happens as the blastocytes implant on the uterine wall?

What happens as the blastocytes implant on the uterine wall?



Answer: digest epithelial wall --- uterine mucosa grows around it ---> produces human chorionic gonadotropin ----> keeps corpus luteum alive ----> produces estrogen and progesterone to stop menses from occurring

Describe the pre-embryonic stage:

Describe the pre-embryonic stage:



Answer: After 3 days travelling down the fallopian tubes, the conceptus (zygote and its associated membranes), is 16 (compact) cells large, after several more days, it becomes a blastocyte, which is around a fluid-filled cavity called a blastocoel, and an outer portion called a trophoblast.

What happens immediately after sperm and oocyte join?

What happens immediately after sperm and oocyte join?



Answer:

oocyte produces fast block = depolarizes the membrane, stops other sperm from joining

and

slow block = protein knocks the rest of sperm off membrane - killed and receptors destroyed, outer cover coated and becomes impenetrable

How does hormonal birth control work?

How does hormonal birth control work?



Answer: provides a constant level of estrogen and progesterone so that there is always a negative feedback loop for FSH and LH if new pills are taken every day, the walls of the epithelium won't degrade/menses won't occur

What is the menses phase?

What is the menses phase?



Answer: the time that the lining is shed (when the woman bleeds), includes low levels of progesterone (from when the corpus luteum from ovulation begins to degrade, marking the end of the luteal phase), FSH and LH

What is the proliferation phase?

What is the proliferation phase?



Answer: the end of the menses and regeneration of the endometrium, estrogen is rising, LH causes ovulation to occur and this marks the end of the proliferation phase as well as the follicular phase

What is the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle?

What is the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle?



Answer:

High estrogen, increases fallopian tube contractions and decreases acidity in the vagina, corpus luteum produces progesterone (beginning of a luteal phase of the ovarian cycle) and secretory phase of the menstrual cycle --------- the endothelial lining prepares for implantation

endothelium secretes fluid rich in glycogen, if fertilization has occurred, it will nourish the zygote, if it has not, the corpus luteum will degrade, levels of progesterone and estrogen will fall, endothelial tissue grows thinner and will die, resulting in the first day of the next cycle (menses)

What is the menstrual cycle?

What is the menstrual cycle?



Answer: the series of changes in which the uterine lining is shed, rebuilt and prepared for implantation (the time which a female menstruates)

What are fallopian, or uterine, tubes?

What are fallopian, or uterine, tubes?



Answer: tubes from near the ovary to the uterus have cilia to produce current for oocyte to travel to the uterus, estrogen makes contraction every 4-8 seconds to help push oocyte further along

Explain how an oogonium becomes a tertiary follicle/ovum :

Explain how an oogonium becomes a tertiary follicle/ovum :



Answer: Oogonia enters meiosis I, but stops during prophase after they have replicated their genomes but before division (they are called primary oocytes at this stage) > resumes at the start of girls first menstruation cycle, finishes meiosis I (they are secondary oocytes/follicles) > this still has two copies of each chromosome, so it must divide again, undergoes meiosis II and becomes a tertiary oocyte> prepares for ovulation

Describe how, and what causes, certain follicles to die while only one survives:

Describe how, and what causes, certain follicles to die while only one survives:



Answer: FSH stimulates follicle growth and LH stimulates the granulosa and theca cells to produce a form of estrogen, a larger follicle has more estrogen (this inhibits GnRH) the smaller follicles without the hormones die, the larger follicle survives to produce an oocyte

Describe ovulation and the release/maturity/splitting of an oocyte.

Describe ovulation and the release/maturity/splitting of an oocyte.



Answer: Ovulation is the release of an oocyte, the oocyte can split into as many as 4 cells, but only one large cell (the tertiary oocyte) survives and the other three disintegrate, meiosis only continues if a sperm cell penetrates the oocyte (where it briefly becomes an ovum)

Describe the process of testosterone regulation:

Describe the process of testosterone regulation:



Answer: starts in the hypothalamus due to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GRH) which travels to the anterior pituitary where follicle stimulating and luteinizing hormone are produced, which stimulate testosterone production; high test levels inhibit GRH in a negative feedback loop