Some genetic disorders can have what, as opposed to a mutation of the chromosome?
Answer: wrong number of chromosomes, Downs Syndrome has 3 copies...
Why are most genetic disorders passed down as recessive alleles? Is there an exception to this?
Why are most genetic disorders passed down as recessive alleles? Is there an exception to this?
Answer: because dominant alleles would always...
__________ is 2 genes both showing with each other present. An example is the AB blood type.
__________ is 2 genes both showing with each other present. An example is the AB blood type.
Answer: co-dominance, A and B blood type are both...
This type of dominance shows both traits and the resulting phenotype is a mixture of the alleles :
This type of dominance shows both traits and the resulting phenotype is a mixture of the alleles :
Answer: incomplete dominan...
People with recessive genes can be called _____________ especially when dealing with genetic disorders.
People with recessive genes can be called _____________ especially when dealing with genetic disorders.
Answer: carrier...
Alleles sort ______________ from eachother.
Alleles sort ______________ from eachother.
Answer: independentl...
Crossing second generation plants, Mendel found that:
Crossing second generation plants, Mendel found that:
Answer: recessive alleles return at the ratio of 3:...
When did our understanding of genetics start, and who started it?
When did our understanding of genetics start, and who started it?
Answer: ninteenth century, Gregor Mendel, pea plant...
Can alleles be dominant or recessive?
Can alleles be dominant or recessive?
Answer: Both, they can also be co-dominant, there is also incomplete dominanc...
If alleles are the same, you are _____________ and if they are different you are ______________.
If alleles are the same, you are _____________ and if they are different you are ______________.
Answer:
homozygous
heterozygou...
Each person has ___ chromosomes from each parent.
Each person has ___ chromosomes from each parent.
Answer: 2...
A persons genetic makeup is there ____________, and their outward appearance is there ____________.
A persons genetic makeup is there ____________, and their outward appearance is there ____________.
Answer:
genotype
phenoty...
How many pairs of sex chromosomes are there? How many pairs of autosomal chromosomes?
How many pairs of sex chromosomes are there? How many pairs of autosomal chromosomes?
Answer:
1 pair of sex chromosomes
22 autosoma...
What helps remove bilirubin from an infant?
What helps remove bilirubin from an infant?
Answer: laxative property of breast mi...
What happens to a female if she stops breast feeding? What if she continues?
What happens to a female if she stops breast feeding? What if she continues?
Answer: after about 1 week, the milk is reabsorbed and won't start...
Female will produce about ____ litres per infant.
Female will produce about ____ litres per infant.
Answer: 1....
For days 3-10 after birth, what will females produce?
For days 3-10 after birth, what will females produce?
Answer: colostrum and milk mixture - colostrum is high in immunoglobuli...
Over time, what happens to prolactin levels?
Over time, what happens to prolactin levels?
Answer: they will return to normal levels regardless of breastfeedin...
Milk secretion is a _________ feedback loop.
Milk secretion is a _________ feedback loop.
Answer: positiv...
Each feeding increases what?
Each feeding increases what?
Answer: prolactin levels for the next feedin...
Breast feeding cant occur until what?
Breastfeeding cant occur until what?
Answer: placenta is out because estrogen and progesterone levels are too hig...
What are Montgomery glands?
What are Montgomery glands?
Answer: glands that secrete oil to prevent chipping or cracking during breastfeedin...
What is lactation and what is the most important hormone for breast feeding?
What is lactation and what is the most important hormone for breast feeding?
Answer: milk produced by the mammary glands; prolactin, increases...
What is important about a baby's first dose of mothers milk?
What is important about a baby's first dose of mothers milk?
Answer: they get gastrointestinal bacteria for defence, they have none when they...
Baby and body temperature concerns :
Baby and body temperature concerns :
Answer: they have more surface area compared to the volume of an adult, makes them colde...
Why is the babies breath so important in going from fetal to neonatal development?
Why is the babies breath so important in going from fetal to neonatal development?
Answer: inflation of the lungs decreases BP, temporarily reverses...
What is a natural occlusion?
What is a natural occlusion?
Answer: umbilical cord stops pulsating (it is normally clamped...
When is the neonatal period?
When is the neonatal period?
Answer: first 13 days of lif...
What triggers the deep breathing response at birth?
What triggers the deep breathing response at birth?
Answer: the baby is born in a state of acidosi...
What is involution?
What is involution?
Answer: uterus returning to pre-pregnancy size by more contraction...
What is an episiotomy?
What is an episiotomy?
Answer: cutting posterior vaginal wall and perineum to allow more space (normally doctors allow this to happen on their...
What is the postpartum period?
What is the postpartum period?
Answer: body returning back to normal over about 6 week...
Describe the three stages of childbirth:
Describe the three stages of childbirth:
Answer:
1) cervical dilation - cervix dilates to 10cm, takes 6-12 hours, contractions last 20 seconds, thirty...
What happens to progesterone, estrogen and oxytocin during months 7, 8 and 9?
What happens to progesterone, estrogen and oxytocin during months 7, 8 and 9?
Answer:
7 - progesterone levels off and starts to decrease, estrogen...
Pregnancy and Oxygen needs :
Pregnancy and Oxygen needs :
Answer: increased by %50, expanding uterus pushes diaphragm upwards and causes less air to be inhaled, nasal congestions...
What could cause varicose veins and haemorrhoids during pregnancy?
What could cause varicose veins and haemorrhoids during pregnancy?
Answer: uterus puts pressure on inferior vena cava and makes it harder for...
What happens to blood volume during pregnancy?
What happens to blood volume during pregnancy?
Answer: increases 1-2 litre...
What other hormones increase during pregnancy?
What other hormones increase during pregnancy?
Answer: pituitary, thyroid and parathyroi...
Describe progesterone through a pregnancy:
Describe progesterone through a pregnancy:
Answer: levels are higher at the beginning of pregnancy to prevent uterine contractions, decrease...
What is secreted to help loosen the hip muscles and to dilate the cervix?
What is secreted to help loosen the hip muscles and to dilate the cervix?
Answer: relaxi...
What happens to estrogen levels during pregnancy?
What happens to estrogen levels during pregnancy?
Answer: they continue to grow, can be about 30 times higher than normal at the time of bir...
Conception is assumed to have occurred at what day of a woman's cycle? How many trimesters, how long is each?
Conception is assumed to have occurred at what day of a woman's cycle? How many trimesters, how long is each?
Answer:
Day 14 -
3 trimesters, 13 weeks...
How big is an average newborn baby?
How big is an average newborn baby?
Answer: 5.5-8.8 ounces and 20 inches lon...
From week 31 until birth, what happens to the fetus?
From week 31 until birth, what happens to the fetus?
Answer: It lays down flat as it grow...
When does myelination begin and end?
When does myelination begin and end?
Answer: weeks 21-30 and ends during adolesenc...
When is rapid weight gain during pregnancy?
When is rapid weight gain during pregnancy?
Answer: From weeks 21-3...
Why might movement be felt in weeks 16-20?
Why might movement be felt in weeks 16-20?
Answer: lack of space, the baby is forced into the fetal positio...
Weeks 13-16 are marked with what?
Weeks 13-16 are marked with what?
Answer: sensory organ developmen...
The fetal circulatory system has ______ which are shortcuts for blood flow as it develops.
The fetal circulatory system has ______ which are shortcuts for blood flow as it develops.
Answer: shunt...
What weeks does sexual differentiation start?
What weeks does sexual differentiation start?
Answer: 9-1...
How big/heavy is the embryo at the end of the embryonic period?
How big/heavy is the embryo at the end of the embryonic period?
Answer: about 1.2 inches and .25 ounce...
How do paddle-shaped hands and feet become fingers and toes?
How do paddle-shaped hands and feet become fingers and toes?
Answer: apoptosis (programmed cell death) disintegrates the cells between the f...
When have all organ structures begun forming by?
When have all organ structures begun forming by?
Answer: week ...
The shape of the embryo goes from flat to round during a process known as what?
The shape of the embryo goes from flat to round during a process known as what?
Answer: embryonic foldin...
When does neural tissue development start and what is very important for this, and what can happen if there isn't enough?
When does neural tissue development start and what is very important for this, and what can happen if there isn't enough?
Answer: In the first...
What happens during weeks 4-12 of pregnancy?
What happens during weeks 4-12 of pregnancy?
Answer: placenta takes over feeding the embryo, nutrients are exchanged through villi (via the chorionic...
What happens of significance in week three of fetus development?
What happens of significance in week three of fetus development?
Answer: they go from totipotent to multipotent, meaning they form a 3 layered...
What is on the inside of the amnion? What is it's the purpose?
What is on the inside of the amnion? What is it's the purpose?
Answer: yolk sak - gives nutrients to embryo before placenta is formed, source...
What is it called when implantation occurs outside of the uterus?
What is it called when implantation occurs outside of the uterus?
Answer: ectopic pregnanc...
What is the amnion?
What is the amnion?
Answer:
the area in the amniotic cavity where the embryo / fetus live
it allows for movement, protects against trauma, and protects...
What happens during the second week of pregnancy?
What happens during the second week of pregnancy?
Answer: cells begin to form into layers which will form into membranes, the amniotic cavity...
When is implantation complete?
When is implantation complete?
Answer: Middle of the second week of pregnanc...
What happens as the blastocytes implant on the uterine wall?
What happens as the blastocytes implant on the uterine wall?
Answer: digest epithelial wall --- uterine mucosa grows around it ---> produces...
After how long do cells implant on the uterine wall? What per cent won't implant and what happens to them?
After how long do cells implant on the uterine wall? What per cent won't implant and what happens to them?
Answer:
about a week
50-75...
The blastocoels are referred to as? What does this mean?
The blastocoels are referred to as? What does this mean?
Answer: totipotent, they can develop into any kind of cel...
Describe the pre-embryonic stage:
Describe the pre-embryonic stage:
Answer: After 3 days travelling down the fallopian tubes, the conceptus (zygote and its associated membranes),...
If 2 oocytes are released and fertilized, it will result in what? What if a zygote divides?
If 2 oocytes are released and fertilized, it will result in what? What if a zygote divides?
Answer:
2 oocytes - fraternal twins 1% of the time
zygote...
What happens immediately after sperm and oocyte join?
What happens immediately after sperm and oocyte join?
Answer:
oocyte produces fast block = depolarizes the membrane, stops other sperm from joining
and
slow...
How long can spermatozoa live compared to an oocyte?
How long can spermatozoa live compared to an oocyte?
Answer:
3-5 days sperm
about 1 day oocyt...
What happens to the hypothalamus going from childhood to puberty?
What happens to the hypothalamus going from childhood to puberty?
Answer: it's sensitivity to the negative feedback loop decreases, gonad sensitivity...
What are the cells of male and females that are not bipotential?
What are the cells of male and females that are not bipotential?
Answer: The tube structures, if you are going to be male, the female Mullerian...
At what age is leutenizing hormone first produced?
At what age is leutenizing hormone first produced?
8-9, sexual maturity is reached when the hypothalamus starts producing more hormones in the ant....
Many cells can develop to be either female or male, this is called being __________.
Many cells can develop to be either female or male, this is called being __________.
Answer: bipotentia...
What do males need/have that differentiates them from women?
What do males need/have that differentiates them from women?
Answer:
Y chromosome
testes produce some testosterone to further differentiate into...
How does hormonal birth control work?
How does hormonal birth control work?
Answer: provides a constant level of estrogen and progesterone so that there is always a negative feedback...
Where is breast milk produced?
Where is breast milk produced?
Answer: mammary gland...
What is the menses phase?
What is the menses phase?
Answer: the time that the lining is shed (when the woman bleeds), includes low levels of progesterone (from when the...
What is the proliferation phase?
What is the proliferation phase?
Answer: the end of the menses and regeneration of the endometrium, estrogen is rising, LH causes ovulation to...
What is the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle?
What is the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle?
Answer:
High estrogen, increases fallopian tube contractions and decreases acidity in the vagina,...
What are the phases of the menstrual cycle?
What are the phases of the menstrual cycle?
Answer: menses, proliferation, secretar...
What is the menstrual cycle?
What is the menstrual cycle?
Answer: the series of changes in which the uterine lining is shed, rebuilt and prepared for implantation (the time...
How many parts and layers do the uterus have?
How many parts and layers do the uterus have?
Answer: 3 parts and 3 layers, the inner layer (endometrium) has 2 layers itself and is the thicker...
What supports the growing embryo in a female?
What supports the growing embryo in a female?
Answer: the uteru...
When does fertilization usually occur?
When does fertilization usually occur?
Answer: when the oocyte is moving and development starts before implantation in the uterine wal...
What are fallopian, or uterine, tubes?
What are fallopian, or uterine, tubes?
Answer: tubes from near the ovary to the uterus have cilia to produce current for oocyte to travel to...
Explain how an oogonium becomes a tertiary follicle/ovum :
Explain how an oogonium becomes a tertiary follicle/ovum :
Answer: Oogonia enters meiosis I, but stops during prophase after they have replicated...
After the oocyte is ovulated, what happens to the LH and the follicle? What does this do?
After the oocyte is ovulated, what happens to the LH and the follicle? What does this do?
Answer: The LH transforms the collapsed follicle into...
What happens when a surge of LH is produced?
What happens when a surge of LH is produced?
Answer: (anterior pituitary) triggers proteases which open a way out of the ovary for ovulation...
What happens to the dominant follicle regarding estrogen production?
What happens to the dominant follicle regarding estrogen production?
Answer: It produces a lot of estrogens and forces a positive feedback loop...
Describe how, and what causes, certain follicles to die while only one survives:
Describe how, and what causes, certain follicles to die while only one survives:
Answer: FSH stimulates follicle growth and LH stimulates the...
How long does the cycle of folliculogenesis take and what is it controlled by?
How long does the cycle of folliculogenesis take and what is it controlled by?
Answer: 2 months, FSH, LH, and GnR...
How many follicles can be ovulated at one time?
How many follicles can be ovulated at one time?
Answer: multiple may reach the tertiary stage at the same time, but only one can be ovulate...
At what stage do follicles undergo atresia? What per cent will not make it to ovulation?
At what stage do follicles undergo atresia? What per cent will not make it to ovulation?
Answer: any stage, 99...
Describe the progression of follicles of the ovary :
Describe the progression of follicles of the ovary :
Answer: primordial follicles > primary follicles > secondary follicles > tertiary...
What leads to and what is the death of a follicle called?
What leads to and what is the death of a follicle called?
Answer: folliculogenesis of the oocyte and supporting cells; atresia...
Why is mitochondrial DNA inherited from the mother?
Why is mitochondrial DNA inherited from the mother?
Answer: there is a lot of cytoplasm in the ovum to provide nutrients between fertilization...
The oocyte and the sperm after penetration become the :
The oocyte and the sperm after penetration become the :
Answer: first diploid cell of the zygote (or offspring...
The oocyte/ovum and sperm before penetration is called:
The oocyte/ovum and sperm before penetration is called:
Answer: haploi...
Describe ovulation and the release/maturity/splitting of an oocyte.
Describe ovulation and the release/maturity/splitting of an oocyte.
Answer: Ovulation is the release of an oocyte, the oocyte can split into...
What happens to oogonia from fetal development to puberty to menopause?
What happens to oogonia from fetal development to puberty to menopause?
Answer: they form primary oocytes in the fetal ovary prior to birth,...
These are the stem cells of the ovaries:
These are the stem cells of the ovaries:
Answer: oogoni...
How long is an ovarian cycle? What does the process involve?
How long is an ovarian cycle? What does the process involve?
Answer: 28 days; oogenesis (development of oocyte) and folliculogenesis (growth...
What are the oocytes and supporting cells known as in the ovaries?
What are the oocytes and supporting cells known as in the ovaries?
Answer: follicl...
Where do the oocytes in a female develop?
Where do the oocytes in a female develop?
Answer: the cortex of the ovarie...
What covers the ovaries? What supports them?
What covers the ovaries? What supports them?
Answer: tunica albuginea; ligament...
The ovaries are about the size of what?
The ovaries are about the size of what?
Answer: almon...
The ________ comes from the same cells that produce the glans penis.
The ________ comes from the same cells that produce the glans penis.
Answer: clitori...
The _______ ______ protects the urethra and female reproductive system .
The _______ ______ protects the urethra and female reproductive system .
Answer: labia minor...
What is the external female reproductive area known as?
What is the external female reproductive area known as?
Answer: the vulv...
What are the female gonads, and what do they produce?
What are the female gonads, and what do they produce?
Answer: ovaries, and they produce oocyte...
Describe the process of testosterone regulation:
Describe the process of testosterone regulation:
Answer: starts in the hypothalamus due to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GRH) which travels...
What are some things that testosterone is needed for?
What are some things that testosterone is needed for?
Answer: muscle growth, bone growth, secondary sex characteristics, and maintaining sex...
Describe how vasocongestion of the penis occurs:
Describe how vasocongestion of the penis occurs:
Answer: Nitric oxide relaxes muscles and allow blood to flow into the erectile tissue, which...
What causes an erection?
What causes an erection?
Answer: vasocongestion (more blood coming than leaving...
Erection can happen during what?
Erection can happen during what?
Answer: sexual arousal or REM sleep...
What is the glans penis?
What is the glans penis?
Answer: the ti...
What are the three sections of erectile penis tissue?
What are the three sections of erectile penis tissue?
Answer: 2 corpora cavernosa and 1 corpus spongiosu...
What is pre-ejaculate and what is it caused by?
What is pre-ejaculate and what is it caused by?
Answer: 2 bulbourethral glands release fluid to lubricate and clean away urine residu...
What makes up 60% of semen?
What makes up 60% of semen?
Answer: seminal vesicle produces a fluid high in fructose, prostate adds fluid to coagulate the sper...
What per cent of semen is made of sperm?
What per cent of semen is made of sperm?
Answer: 5...
During ejaculation, where are sperm pushed?
During ejaculation, where are sperm pushed?
Answer: into the ductus deferens and then into the spermatic cor...
How long does it take the sperm to move through the epididymis?
How long does it take the sperm to move through the epididymis?
Answer: about 12 day...
Where does newly formed sperm continue to mature?
Where does newly formed sperm continue to mature?
Answer: the epididymi...
What does the mid piece of a sperm contain?
What does the mid piece of a sperm contain?
Answer: tightly packed mitochondria, ATP produced here powers the flagellu...
Where is the nucleus of a sperm? What covers it?
Where is the nucleus of a sperm? What covers it?
Answer: the head; lysosomal enzyme...
Which is larger: female gamete or male gamete?
Which is larger: female gamete or male gamete?
Answer: femal...
How many sperms are produced each day?
How many sperms are produced each day?
Answer: 100-300 millio...
How do spermatogonia split? How many chromosomes do they have? What happens after they split?
How do spermatogonia split? How many chromosomes do they have? What happens after they split?
Answer: they split by mitosis, 46 chromosomes;...
One spermatagonia cell = how many sperm cells?
One spermatagonia cell = how many sperm cells?
Answer: fou...
Where does sperm out to?
Where does sperm out to?
Answer: the epididymi...
The process of spermatogenesis starts _______ from the lumen and the end product of sperm finishes ________ the lumen.
The process of spermatogenesis starts _______ from the lumen and the end product of sperm finishes ________ the lumen.
Answer: away; neares...
How long does one cycle of sperm take? How often does a new cycle start?
How long does one cycle of sperm take? How often does a new cycle start?
Answer: 64 days; 16 day...
What is the process of the development of sperm called?
What is the process of the development of sperm called?
Answer: spermatogenesi...
List the stages of the development of a sperm cell
List the stages of the development of a sperm cell
Answer: spermatogonia > speratocytes > spermatids > sper...
These are sustentacular cells that control sperm production and decide if germ cells will live or die. Create the blood-teste barrier
These are sustentacular cells that control sperm production and decide if germ cells will live or die. Create the blood-teste barrier
Answer: sertoli...
Each lobule of the test develops sperm where?
Each lobule of the test develops sperm where?
Answer: seminiferous tubule...
What covers the testes and separates them into lobules? How many lobules?
What covers the testes and separates them into lobules? How many lobules?
Answer: tunica albuginea, 300-40...
What are the male gonads?
What are the male gonads?
Answer: teste...
What pulls the testes up closer to the body to keep them warm in cold weather or water?
What pulls the testes up closer to the body to keep them warm in cold weather or water?
Answer: dartos and cremaster muscle...
What is the female gamete?
What is the female gamete?
Answer: oocyt...
What is the male gamete?
What is the male gamete?
Answer: sper...
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